special last minute chem flashcards

ammonium

NH4 +

nitrite

NO2 -

nitrate

NO3 -

sulfite

SO3 2-

sulfate

SO4 2-

hydroxide

OH -

phosphate

PO4 3-

carbonate

CO3 2-

chromate

CrO4 2-

chlorate

ClO3 2-

relative atomic mass formula

(isotope mass x percentage abundance) (other isotope mass x percentage abundance) etc /100 to be a percentage

what is the flame test, what does it represent

colours = energy released as light when the electrons drop levels (the colour depends on the energy gap)

what is emission spectra

emission spectra = specific wavelengths(colours) emitted by the electrons jumping down between energy levels in an atom - emission spectra is unique for each element

electron states and their relation to emission spectra

ground state = lowest energy level

excited state = higher energy level after absorbing energy

going from excited back to ground releases the photons

spdf notation order (also use diagram)

1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s1 4p6 4d10 4f14

etc

pauli exclusion = each orbital must have 2 with opposite spins

aufbau principle = lower energy orbitals first

hund’s = same energy before pairing up - spread out to minimise repulsion

dissolution equations

two aqueous ions from a solid, sometimes the subscript turns into a coeff

how to calculate half lives

n(t) remaining amount = initial amount x (1/2)^(time elapsed/half life)

triagonal planar

3 bonding pairs 0 lone pairs eg BF3

bent

2 bonding pairs, 1 or 2 lone pairs

tetrahedral

4 bonding pairs no lone pairs

triagonal pyramidal

3 bonding pairs 1 lone piar

linear

2 bonding pairs no lone pairs

physical properties of non polar molecules

polar = higher boiling points, higher solubility in WATER coz waters polar

nonpolar = lower boiling points, higher solubility in NONPOLAR SOLVENTS (not water)

physical properties of polar (h bonding or dpdp) molecules

idk high BP/MP

cohesive forces and adhersive forces in dissolution - what must happen for it to dissolve

cohesive = forces between similar

adhesive = forces between different

to dissolve, adhesive > cohesive

product of an acid-metal reaction

metal + acid → salt + hydrogen gas

products of an acid carbonate reaction

acid + carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

products of an acid base reaction

acid + base → salt + water

products of complete combustion

hydrocarbon + O2 → carbon dioxide + water

products of incomplete combustion

units for concentration in %w/w

units for concentration in %v/v

what is gay lussac’s law

what is boyle’s law

what is charles’ law

what is avogadro’s law

steps to find percentage composition

steps to do limiting reactant calculations

what is shielding

what is atomic radius

what is first ionisation energy

order of the 1st (top, most reactive) part of the activity series

order of the 2nd part of the activity series

order of the 3rd part of the activity series

order of the 4th part of the activity series

types of metals reactions

products of metal reaction with water

products of metal reaction with acid

products of metal reaction with oxygen gas

how do metal displacement reactions work

how to write a full ionic equation

how to write a half ionic equation

oxidation state of a pure element

oxidation state of a monatomic ion

what is the sum of all oxidation states of elements in a compound

what is the sum of all elements’ oxidation states in a polyatomic ion

the oxidation state of hydrogen in any compound is

oxidation state of oxygen in any compounds is

in covalent compounds without hydrogen or oxygen, which (electronegativity) element gats the negative oxidation state

two group examples of very strong reductants

galvanic cell notation

galvanic cell notation with an unreactive cell

steps for galvanic cell calcs

formula for Ecell

formula for final moles of reactant in galvanic cell calc

f

formula for final moles of product in galvanic cell calc

what is specific heat capacity

what is /_\ H

Hprod - Hreact

formula for standard enthalpy of combustion

/_\H*c = -q / n

formula for standard enthalpy of solution (actually dissolution)

/_\Hsoln = -q / n

the formula for adding shit at the end of hess’s law

Hrxn = sumHf prod - sumHf reactants

PROD - REACTANTS

FORMULA for adding shit in bond energies

Hrxn = sumHreactant energies - sumHproduct energies

REACTANT - PROD

factors that affect entropy

different types of particles, no of particles, increasing volume, moving to state (s < l < g ) with more freedom, more complex particles, increasing temperature, dissolution(usually) ) .

what is the first law of thermodynamics

what is the second law of thermodynamics

wha

what is the third law of thermodynamics

formula for standard entropy

Srxn = sumSprod - sumSreacts

PROD - REACTS

formula for gibbs free energy

Gsys = Hsys - T/_\sys

if G is less than 0, what of H and T

H < T

if G is more than 0, what of H and T

H > T

if G = 0

the reaction is at equilibrium

when the entropy is positive and enthalpy is negative

it’s spontaneous at all temperatures w

when the entropy is positive and the enthalpy is positive

it’s spontaneous at only high temperatures

when the entropy is negative and the enthalpy is negative

it’s spontaneous at only low temperatures w

when the entropy is negative and the enthalpy is positive

it’s never spontaneous (nonspont at all temperatures)