ARGUMENTATION MIDTERM

MORAL REFRAMING

• ROBB WILLER

• makes opposing information easier to digest

UNIVERSAL AUDIENCE

• author: Perelman & L. Olbrechts Tyteca

• imaginary construct of an all-rational adult audience

• helps assess arguments

ETHIC FOR RHETORIC

• HENRY W. JONHSTONE

• encouragement over suppression of others’ thoughts, opinions, etc.

• question evidence but also be open to being questioned

BASIC TENANTS

1. resoluteness

2. openness

3. gentleness

4. compassion

WALTER FISHER

• narrative paradigm

• storytelling is most important form of communication

TOULMIN MODEL

• claim

• ground

• warrant

• modality: degree of certainty a speaker claims (probably, possibly)

• rebuttal

MARKETPLACE OF IDEAS

• JOHN STUART MILLS

• expressing one’s thoughts leads to more truth revealed

• express thought even if wrong, open opportunity to correct or challenge old ideas

ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL

• PETTEY AND CAPCIOPPO

• 2 routes of persuasion

  • central route

    • aligns w/ toulmin—evidence

    • pure logos (logic)

    • claims, statistics, fact

  • peripheral route

    • aligns w/ fisher—story/emotion

    • pure pathos, persuade through audience connection emotionally

CENTRAL ROUTE OF PERSUASION (PETTEY AND CACIOPPO)

• ROUTE OF PERSUASION

• aligns w/ toulmin—evidence

• pure logos (logic)

• claims, statistics, fact

PERIPHERAL ROUTE OF PERSUASION (PETTEY & CACIOPPO)

• ROUTE OF PERSUASION

• aligns w/ fisher—story/emotion

• pure pathos, persuade through audience connection emotionally

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

• LEON FESTINGER

• steps of dissonance

  • recenter/balance the audience’s sense of dissonance

  • listeners may discredit sources

    • apply a plethora of sources

  • listeners reinterpret message/cherry pick

    • allow for space/pause to avoid overload

    • refer to johnstones compassion

  • listeners change behavior

COST REWARD

• GEORGE HOMANS

• think of argument as pro/con list

• if more good then more likely to change

• if more bad less likely to change

• cost = disadvantage, reward = advantage

• immediacy, forecasts, cumulative

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

• MASLOW

• pyramid of needs, bottom tier are necessary in order to reach top of pyramid

1. self actualization

2. esteem

3. love/belonging

4. safety

5. physiological

INNOCULATION THEORY

• MCGUIRES

• highlighting possible inefficiencies in opponents argument before they speak

• audience keeps inefficacies in mind and notes whenever opponent mentions

• opponent is no longer arguing with you but the audience as well

POLICY PROPOSITIONS

• uses “must, reform”

• changing status quo

VALUE PROPOSITIONS

• uses “ethical, unethical, right, wrong”

• concerns opinions/values

FACT PROPOSITIONS

• a predictions with the time, can not have already happened

• we will build a hotel on the moon by 2070

POLICY STOCK ISSUES: TOPICALITY

• are we staying on topic or going on tangent

• identify and ensure relevancy

POLICY STOCK ISSUES: INHERENCY BARRIERS

• institutional/structural

  • laws and rules

• attitudinal

  • do people know or care about issue

• trend

  • maybe not a big issue now but based on patterns it may become one

POLICY STOCK ISSUES: HARMS

• negative effects towards society

POLICY STOCK ISSUES: PLAN

• how will the harms be address and solved?

POLICY STOCK ISSUES: SIDE EFFECTS

• advantages and disadvantages of issue being solved

TEST OF EVIDENCE

• accuracy:

  • is it free of error?

• verifiability:

  • are other CREDIBLE sources reporting similar findings?

• recency:

  • is it up to date, is there more recent evidence?

• methodology:

  • how was this info/conclusion obtained

  • proper research steps

  • scientific method

  • ensure large enough sample size

• sufficiency:

  • is there enough evidence to support claim/research?

• authorship/qualification:

  • who is author? what is their reputation?

• relevance:

  • is evidence applicable to claim?