Sandford Science Cumulative

What is parasitism?

Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another, often harming it. (A tick on a dog)

What is mutualism?

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. (bees and flowers)

What is commensalism?

Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. (like a bird in a tree)

Why do we use population sampling rather than actual numbers?

Population sampling is used because it is often impractical or impossible to count every individual in a population, allowing for estimates that are more manageable and cost-effective. (you can not count every fish in the sea, but you can estimate)

What is mark and recapture?

Mark and recapture is a method used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size by capturing individuals, marking them, releasing them, and then recapturing to see how many marked individuals are found.

What is quadrat random sampling?

Quadrat random sampling is a technique where a specific area (quadrat) is randomly selected to count and study the organisms within it, providing an estimate of population density.(used for counting non moving things like plants)

What is primary succession?

Primary succession is the process of ecological change that occurs in an area where no soil exists, such as after a volcanic eruption, leading to the establishment of a biological community.

What is secondary succession?

Secondary succession is the process of ecological change that occurs in an area where a disturbance has destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact, such as after a forest fire.

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, provides protection and support, and facilitates communication with other cells. (like a fence)

What are the functions of mitochondria?

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration and regulating metabolic processes. (like a battery)

What is the function of the nucleus?

The nucleus stores the cell's genetic material (DNA) and coordinates activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. (like the command center)

What are lysosomes?

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. (like a trash compactor)

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. (like a generator)

What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and are generally simpler in structure.

What is the difference between plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles, while animal cells do not have these structures and are typically more flexible.

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

The phases of the cell cycle include Interphase and the Mitotic phase, which includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, as well as cytokinesis.

What happens during Interphase?

During Interphase, the cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division, making it a crucial phase for cell development.

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

The purpose of mitosis is to divide a single cell into two identical daughter cells, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

What are the four stages of Mitosis?

The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, each characterized by specific events in chromosome alignment and separation.

What happens during Cytokinesis?

During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the parent cell divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

What types of cells go through meiosis?

Meiosis occurs in germ cells to produce gametes (sperm and eggs) for sexual reproduction.

What is the function of meiosis?

The function of meiosis is to reduce the chromosome number by half, creating genetic diversity through recombination and independent assortment.

How do the products of meiosis differ from mitosis?

The products of meiosis are four genetically diverse haploid cells, while mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells.

What happens in Prophase

The cell membrane begins to break down and chromatin becomes chromosomes

What happens in metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, they are in position to be pulled apart. Metaphase=Middle

What happens in anaphase?

The chromosomes are pulled apart into daughter chromosomes. Anaphase=apart

what happens in telophase?

In telophase, the nuclear membranes start to reform, and the cells begin the process of splitting.

What are the three types of biodiversity?

The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. Examples include: genetic diversity (varieties of crops), species diversity (different species of birds), and ecosystem diversity (forests, wetlands, and grasslands).

Why is biodiversity important for the survival of a population and/or community?

Biodiversity is crucial for the survival of populations and communities because it enhances ecosystem resilience, supports food webs, provides resources for medicine and agriculture, and helps maintain ecological balance.

Describe an area of high biodiversity.

An example of an area of high biodiversity is the Amazon Rainforest, which is home to a vast number of species, including countless plants, animals, and microorganisms, all interacting in complex ecosystems.

Describe an area of low biodiversity.

An example of an area with low biodiversity is a monoculture agricultural field, where a single crop species is grown extensively, leading to a lack of variety in plant and animal life.