ANTH1101 Exam 2

Gender

Cultural. The fundamental form of stratification in most human culture.

Sex

Biological and physical characteristics

Gender Norms

Society's expectations or standards concerning what males and females should be like

"Strange Country"

Study that shows Native American Berdaches and how they can be considered respectable figures in the Native American Community. Some are chiefs, wives, warriors, etc.

"Sex and Temperament"

Ethnographic study of gender in New Guinea. Categories of male and female are not given naturally but by culture. Culture is learned.

Feminist Anthropology

Focused on the question of male dominance. Is it really universal? What happens in remote areas? How do we explain it?

Biological Determinism

Biological sex determines who you are, your place in society, and your personality

The Caveman Image of Sexual Stratification

Man as the hunter, woman as the gatherer. Men were dominant because woman were unable to hunt. In reality, society was egalitarian because women gathered more food than was hunted.

Stratification

The division of power and privilege

Oppression

The exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. Related to racism

Traditional Chinese Foot Binding

Chinese women purposely took painful measures to make their feet smaller because large feed were considered ugly

"Small Happiness"

A film about Chinese women that reveals how they are forced to be patrilocal and devalued because they can't continue the family name

Netsilik Eskimo Gender Norms

Strong gender division of labor (not hierarchy), but all roles are important. Men hunt and make tools and women keep the homestead, but have significant influence. Elder women have much authority

Setswana Gender Norms

Patriarchal society in which women farm and men take other jobs (ex. mining)

Ifaluk Gender Norms

Strong and separate (but equal) gender system in which women control the households, children, and garden while men control fish and coconut tree rights and are dependent on women for shelter

Gender in Advertising

Some reflection of culture, some manipulation. Women should be reserved and men should be powerful

Culture Industry Model

Stresses power of media to define gender

Audience Freedom Model

Stresses power of audience to choose, ignore, or subvert messages

Circuit Model

Stresses a circuit of production, circulation, and consumption of media products. Industry and Audience influence each-other

"Killing us Softly"

A film that describes how women's power is short-lived and unfulfilling.

Gender in Toys

Male and Female values and behaviors are reflected in color, style, and design of toys

"Doing Gender, Doing Surgery"

Same-sex policing between male and female surgeons. women surgeons must behave a certain way to avoid criticism by female colleagues.

"A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication"

How people let other people know that they are actively listening. Men are more likely to interrupt and challenge, while women focus on friendship and relationship. Children learn their speech patterns and gender roles early on.

"The Five Sexes"

Herm, Merm, and Ferm

Sexuality

An enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both. Also, an individuals sense of personal & social identity based on those attractions, behaviors expressing them, & membership in a community of others who serve them.

Intersexes

A person born with some combination of male and female sexual, chromosomal, or hormonal characteristics. American doctors "fix the problem." Revered in some societies.

Third Gender

Institutionalized notions of an acceptable 3rd Gender, ritualized same-sex marriage, cross-dressing, and other forms of sexual expression

The Mustergil of Ma'dan Clan (Iraq)

Women can declare themselves as "Social Men" after puberty or after husband's death. Gain all rights except marriage and property inheritance.

The Hijras of India

Considered a 3rd sex category and are religious figures. Have a role as prostitutes to make money. Koti (undergo surgery) vs. Xanith (no surgery or hormone pills).

Gender and Sex as Continuums

Biological sex (males, females, intersex), gender identity (masculine, 3rd sex, gender queer, feminine), gender expression (masculine, feminine, androgynous), and sexual orientation (attracted to male, female, neither, or both).

Western Dualism of Sexuality

Heterosexual (normal) vs. Homosexual (abnormal or deviant)

Sexuality as Identity

European concept in which sexual choices or behaviors are a determinant of identity.

Sexual Diversity

Heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality have been apparent through out time. The reactions of such behaviors have varied through out cultures and time periods. Example: Berdache

Berdache

Contains both male and female spirits and took on special jobs and tasks in the 19th Century Zuni.

Essentialist Position

There are fundamental, real differences between men and women.

Constructivist Position

Gender is something you do, not something that you have or are.

Same-Sex Policing

Men criticizing men, women criticizing women.

Gender and Language

language reveals, embodies, & sustains attitudes to gender. Language users speak/write in different and distinctive ways that reflect and perform their gender. "Well behaved womyn rarely make herstory"

Marked Category

categories that are not assume and have to be specified. Ex: non-white, female, and homo

Unmarked Category

Position of power that comes with unstated and generally unrecognized privileges.

Class

People having the same social or economic status

Karl Marx

Social class is determined by the ownership "means of economic production"

Max Weber

Social class is decided by status and social prestige, along with economic status and opportunity.

Pierre Bourdieu

Social class is decided by one's cultural or symbolic capital.

Cultural Capital (Symbolic)

Includes knowledge, judgements of taste, and socially valued characteristics. Can be converted into economic capital.

Economic Capital

Assets, money, stocks, land, etc.

Meritocracy

Social mobility is the result of hard work.

"People Like Us"

You can learn to be apart of another class by studying small aspects of it. Smashing your peas.

"Jack Meets Dennis" (30 Rock)

High class vs. Middle Class behaviors. Jack taught himself the ways of the upper class.

"Rags to Riches"

The belief that we live in a meritocracy, where social mobility is the result of hard work.

Myth of Classlessness

The belief that we live in a society where social boundaries do not exist

Social Mobility

Occurs whenever people move across social boundaries, or from one occupational level to another. Can be up or down.

Intergenerational

Compares parents' social/economic level to that of their children

Intragenerational

Career shifts within a person's lifetime

Marrying Up

Marrying a member of a higher social/economic class

Wealth Distribution in the US

1% of the population owns 48% of the wealth. 80% of the population owns 6% of the wealth

Class Inequality in the World

The world's 225 richest people own more than the combined wealth of the world's 2.5 million poorest

Intersectionality

Examining how cultural categories (race/class/sexuality/gender) interact on multiple levels to manifest themselves as inequality in society

"Sex, Money, and Success"

Study of how Americans talk about success in terms of money, while the French talk about success in terms of sexual conquests.

"Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack"

Article that white people do not notice that they are at more of an advantage than their black counterparts.

"The House We Live In"

The US History of racial identifications and racist practices in the housing industry. Producing and maintaining the current economic stratification between blacks and whites in America

One Drop Rule

One drop of black blood makes you black

Race

Concerns distinctions made on the basis of inherited, physical characteristics

Ethnicity

Concerns distinctions made on the basis of culture, usually parents' culture, usually differing from the

dominant culture.

Craniometry

Head size is correlated to brain size and intelligence. Proved to be false.

Overt Racism

Openly stated or practiced discrimination against some races in favor of others

Covert Racism

Unstated, often systemic, often unconscious discrimination against some races in favor of others

Systemic Biases

Crime, Justice (Blacks have more contact with law enforcement), The Sentencing Project (Blacks more likely to go to jail), Racism in Athletics (Black positions demand physical speed & quickness), Health care (breast cancer)

Problems with the Black/White Model

Excludes other groups, doesn't account for multiracial identities, improved in the 2000 census

"Race Without Color"

Argues that the visible physical diversity we identify with race is not coterminous with other kinds of phys diversity, & thus doesn't define separate races.

"Official Statement on Race"

Argues that the concept of 'race' has no validity as a biological category in the human species. Because it homogenizes widely varying individuals into limited categories, it impedes research and understanding of the true nature of human biological variations.

"Reburying the Dead"

Article about how archaeologists should return Native American bodies back to their original tribes.

Kennewick Man

A skeleton discovered by James Chatters that was C-14 dated to be 9,000 years old and had an indeterminate race. Held from Native Americans as collateral and claimed by The Army Core of Engineers, Scientists, White Supremacists, & Tribes.

NAGPRA

(The) Native American Graves Production and Reparation Act. Called for the return of human remains and burial/ceremonial goods from museums to Native American groups based on an order of repatriation rights.

Reparation

The making of amends for wrong or injury done

Hurricane Katrina

After this hit New Orleans, victims were talked about in terms of economics and the government began to gentrify the city.

"Of Kwanzaa, Cinco de Mayo, and Whispering"

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"Mirrors of the Heart"

Describes how race and ethnicity influence self-image and social status. Colonizing society is generally valued more than colonized, but sometimes it is rejected by indigenous peoples (natives)

"Behind the Smile"

A collection of first hand accounts from people working in the Barbados tourism industry. Shows the intersection of race, colonialism, and globalization.

Bajan

Natives of the Barbados

Redcap

Job that entails carrying tourists luggage through customs and outside the terminal through the curb. Normally make their living via tips.

Beach Boy

Roam the beaches of Barbados normally to sell something, such as Jet-Ski rides, or jewelery. Some, however, have the intent of sleeping with tourists.

History of Tourism

Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings, works of art, learn new languages, experience new cultures and to taste different cuisines.

Effects of Tourism

Destinations are forced to meet needs of tourists which causes dramatic & disruptive cultural change as well as environmental damage. Destination economies generally begin to depend on tourism

Types of Tourism

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Tourism and Stratification

There is an imbalance in the way that tourism functions. Resources don't flow in the expected and Caribbean countries don't benefit

"Barbados" (Reading)

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Political Empire

Territories under control of some ruling power. Leaders are chosen from the ruling power.

Economic Empire

Ruling power may decide what industries occur in a territory. Control over who can and can't trade.

Cultural Empire

Cultural values (ex. religion, art, etc.) & technologies are spread to new territories and are considered to be more "evoloved"

The Colonial Era

The era in which powerful Western countries traveled to and took over foreign lands as colonies transmitting Western values and reducing diversity. May not be over.

Christianity and Civilization

Christianity was the key to spreading civilization. Lands were conquered in the name of religion to "save" their peoples

Benefits and Abuses of Colonization

Missionaries (but not motherlands) often set up schools to educate natives, but colonial governments often forced labor with exceedingly poor working conditions and long hours.

History of Barbados

Became an independent country in 1961 after being a British colony. Because it was a settler colony, and because of sugarcane production, it was wealthier than islands such as Jamaica

The Triangular Trade

Africa exports slaves to Caribbean Islands where raw materials are exported to Europe. Goods are manufactured in Europe, sold there, and imported in Africa

"Advertising in Global Culture"

Being exposed to the same advertising and products creates a depressed self-value. The more TV that people watch, the less they perceive their town as being developed

"Cell Phones, Sharing, and Social Status in an African Society"

Some African countries such as Nigeria think of cell phone minutes as cultural capital

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

Postcolonialism

The belief that the colonial period is over, and we live in a new era with few dynamics of culture and power