Industrialism and Imperialism

Unit 8 (test Tuesday 3/3)

Industrial Revolution (1750s-today)

A period of significant advancement that pushed Europe into a position of global domination (increased urbanization, empire building, globalization, and populations in countries that industrialized).

The Factory System (mid 1700s)

The concentration of industry into specialized (often large) establishments which made manufacturing faster/more efficient.

Banks

Became the cornerstone of the new industrial economy that developed (gave loans to aspiring entrepreneurs, still in place today).

Investor Capitalists

Wealthy individuals looking to make profit by investing in a good idea or product (today they’re known as venture capitalists).

Britain During the Industrial Revolution

It started there when the British began using coal as a fuel source because it was running out of wood.

James Watt

Adapted a previously invented steam engine and improved its ability to create energy (steam engines replaced water power in textile mills, eventually steam engines replaced work animals & sails on ships).

Phase 1 of the Industrial Revolution

From 1750-late 1800s: water and steam power mechanize production.

Phase 2 of the Industrial Revolution

Late 1800s-today: electricity and mass production.

Phase 3 of the Industrial Revolution

1950s-today: electronics and information technology to automate production.

Phase 4 of the Industrial Revolution

Today-???: connecting and automating many sites, machines, and processes.

Isochronic Map

Made in 1914, showed how long it took to travel around the world from London.

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain?

It had a stable government that promoted science, knowledge, and economic innovation. It had a ready supply of workers who had few other options available to them. It had plenty of coal, iron ore, and an accessible water transport. It also had the island geography to make it hard to invade while giving it access to the world’s oceans.

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Europe?

It was lucky (resource placement, geography, existing business ties, etc.), and that Europeans were the “middlemen” in trade between the two hemispheres.

Capitalism

It encouraged change and innovation.

India

The BEST example of a country that did not industrialize and became a Dependent Nation (it became dependent upon exporting a crop (cotton) to Britain in order to make money).

What were recognizable changes for consumers in the 1800s?

Rapid developments of railroads, increase in mining, manufacturing, and services, creation of more affordable goods, decreased focus on agriculture, and decreased focus on small family textile businessess “the putting out system.”

Industry and Society

Every country that industrialized experienced massive changes to social structure.

Nobility and Aristocracy

Retained great social prestige and many remained wealthy. Overall their power eroded as industrialists gained riches and power. Many couldn’t keep their estates (domestic workers made more money in factories). Most continued to live segregated from the middle/laboring classes.

The Middle Class (bourgeoise)

Benefited the MOST from industry. They grew greatly because of industrialization. Factory owners, manufacturers, businessmen, bankers, investors, and other educated members of society (doctors, lawyers, accountants, teachers) became more important than the aristocracy.

What did the middle class tend to have a great desire to show off?

Their wealth.

Middle Class Women

Became part of the “cult of domesticity,” and were expected to be homemakers, wives, and mothers.

Service Sector Workers

Less wealthy sub-set of the middle class (usually worked as clerks, tellers, secretaries, and other office workers). Considered “white-collar” work, but without high income (20% of British population by 1990).

London by 1900

Became the largest city in the world with over 6 million people (70% are laborers).

Cities during the Industrial Revolution

Grew in size and were filled with factories, workhouses, and tenements (overcrowded, filled with pollution, human waste and raw sewage in streets and rivers).

Diseases that came during Industrial Revolution

Cholera and tuberculosis.

Factory Life

Extremely dangerous because there weren’t protection rules.

What did workers deal with?

Long hours, repetitive tasks, low wages, child labor, easily replaceable, female workers, male supervisors, unsanitary conditions, extreme heat/cold, dangerous equipment, and little to no protective gear.

Socialists

Critics who disliked the working conditions and inequalities of factory life.

Karl Marx

A German socialist, philosopher, and reformer who coined the term Communism in his book, “The Communist Manifesto.”

The Communist Manifesto

A book by Karl Marx, that is a political and economical system that advocates for a classes society where the government owns and controls the means of production (more extreme subset of a larger socialist movement).

Trade Unions

Illegal organizations that got better working conditions through strikes.

Child Labor Laws

They would eventually take kids out of factories and put them into schools.

Weekends

Were created when workers won rights such as a 40-hour work week, OT, 8-hour shifts, and 5 days a week.

Migration

Came as a result of industry that most changed the modern world, millions moved from rural areas to cities, millions also moved to the Americas to escape factory life and gain land & freedom.

American Industry

Began in textile factories in New England in the 1820s, rapid industrialization took off after the Civil War and expanded throughout the Northeast and Midwest following railroads.

Railroads

The most important economic and social development in the U.S. in the late 1800s, which allowed for easy transportation of goods and people across the U.S.

Corporations

Legal entities seperate from its owners (stockholders) and allowed to act like a single person.

U.S. Government Corporation Laws

Passed to make the information of them easy, gave them tax breaks, and limited regulation over what they could do.

Bankruptcy

In America the concept was tweaked to allow entrepreneurs to “keep trying” if their business failed.

What helped facilitate the destruction of Native American culture?

Railroads, the Gatling gun, and barbed wire.

“Culture of Consumption”

By 1900, it was being fueled through advertising, catalogs, and department stores.

Self-Made Industrialists

Men who invested in industry, got rich, and became cultural heroes. They were often called “Robber Barons” or “Captains of Industry.” Stories became popular in U.S. culture about “Rags to Riches.”

Who were some self-made industrialists?

Henry Ford, Andrew Carnegie, and J.D. Rockefeller.

Did Americans prefer “progressivism” or “socialism?”

“Progressivism,” because it was slower and non-violent.

Creole Elites

Descendants of Europeans whose goal was to control land for agriculture and ranching.

How many countries was Latin America by 1850?

18; however, once free, the new countries came under the control of elite landowners with military strongmen (caudillos) enforcing the status quo.

Latin American Social Traits

Feminist causes were slowed or repressed, which is still seen throughout Latin American countries today.

Machismo

Social ethic that honored male strength/aggression.

Gauchos

Ranch hands of the pampas of Argentina, which became a symbol for male strength, individualism, and Machismo.

Benito Juarez

Native American president of Mexico who led an Enlightened reform movement (La Reforma). He wanted to limit the Catholic Church’s power, granted universal suffrage, limited power of the military, created freedom of the press, and he didn’t address the major concern of land reform.

Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911)

A hated Mexican dictator who was in power at the beginning of the revolution (made large modernization efforts with foreign investments).

Mexican Revolution

Bloody conflict from 1911-1920 between landowners and peasants.

Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa

Revolutionary leaders of peasant armies fighting for “tierra y libertad.” They both died violent deaths, still revered by Mexico’s poor as “Robin Hood-esk figures.”

Gains made by revolutionaries by 1920

Land reform occurred with mixed success, Enlightenment rights were solidified in a new constitution, a national education system was set up, however, Mexico remained a very unstable country throughout much of the 20th century.

Reasons for Imperialism

The Industrial Revolution fueled European expansion (created a demand for raw materials and agricultural products and the need for markets in which to sell European goods and allow capitalists to invest in them).

Political benefits of Imperialism

Nations could acquire strategic locations across the world. The Sun Never Sets On The British Empire became a common phrase that referenced the fact that Britain had colonies in every time zone.

Scientific Racism

Idea that humans consist of several distinct racial groups that are more different than similar.

Charles Darwin

British naturalist who published The Origin of Species based on his observations of animals in the Galapagos Islands. He made terms like evolution, adaptation, and “survival of the fittest,” common.

Social Darwinism

Attempt to apply Darwin’s theory to human history. It gained lots of traction in the late 19th century and early 20th century industry powers. Used to justify realities like poverty, racism, and class structure.

Cecil Rhodes

British business magnate and Imperial politician in Africa, a great specific example of an absolute believer in Imperial Rule.

How was life in colonies for colonized people?

It was traumatic and belittling. Colonial powers set up dictatorships, racism, and paternalism was the acceptable norm, most colonized men were seen as soft, passive, and feminine, Imperial colonies contradicted Christian & Enlightenment ideals.

Perceptions of Imperialism

Impacts of New Imperialism still have large impacts on the modern world (national borders, economic situations, war, culture, etc.).

What is the modern view of the Era of New Imperialism?

People of imperial colonies tend to view this era with positivity. People of colonies tend to view this era with negativity and hostility.

The Civilizing Mission

A policy used by imperial powers to justify their imperial actions. Based on the idea that the dominant country had a DUTY to “civilize” inferior people.

“The White Man’s Burden”

Nickname used to describe The Civilizing Mission. It started as a poem