PDHPE Sports Med FQ 1&2

Classification of Sports Injuries

Based on cause and impacted area

Direct Injuries

Caused by external forcethat directly impacts the body, such as fractures or bruises.

Direct Injury Example

Player breaking a bone e.g. femur due to a collision between defensive player in soccer

Indirect Injuries

Caused by internal forces, inadequate warm up, ballistic movements, fault in execution of skill

Indirect Injuries example

A sprinter tearing a hamstring muscle during a race.

Soft Tissue Injuries

Injuries and damage to muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skin, blood vessels, organs and nerves.

Types of Soft Tissue Injuries

Sprains, dislocations, contusions, abrasions, ruptures

Soft Tissue examples

Torn hamstring

Hard Tissue Injuries

Injuries and damage to bones and teeth

Types of Hard Tissue injuries

Fractures, stress fractures, knocked out and bone contusions

Hard tissue injury examples

Fractured femur

Overuse Injuries

Injuries resulting from repetitive stress on muscles, tendons, and bones, often leading to inflammation or pain.

Types Overuse Injuries

Tendinitis, bursitis, stress fractures

Overuse injury examples

Stress fracture to wrist after constant flicking of wrist to shoot a basketball

Inflammatory Response Stages

1. Inflammatory

2. Repair and regenerative

3. Remodelling

IR: Stage 1, Inflammatory Stage

Pain, redness swelling, loss of functions, damage to cells/tissues, increase blood flow to area,

IR: Stage 1, Repair and Regenerative Phase

3 days - 6 weeks, eliminate debris, form new fibers, scar tissue

IR: Stage 1, Remodeling Stage

Increased scar tissue, tissue replacement

Soft tissue Management

Immediate RICER, aims to reduce swelling, prevent further damage and ease pain. Long Term: restore flexibility, regain full function, prevent reoccurance, return player to field

RICER

R:Rest

I:Ice

C:Compression

E:Elevate

R:Referral

HARM

reduce bleeding and damage within a joint

H:Heat

A:Alcohol

R:Running

M:Massage

Frature Types

Simple, Complex, Greenstick, Oblique, Comminuted, Depressed

Fracture Management

DRSABCD, TOTAPS, No Ice, check for shock

DRSABCD

D:Danger

R:Response

S:Send for help

A:Airways

B:Breathing

C:CPR

D:Defibrillator

TOTAPS

T:Talk about pain and injury

O:Observe site

T:Touch site

A:Active Movement, by player

P:Passive movement, by physio

S:Skills, of game

Dislocation types

Displacement, Subluxation

Dislocation Management

Do not relocate dislocation-can cause more damage, DRSABCD, ice, elevate if possible

Teeth, loosened management

Keep in mouth, seek medical attention

Teeth, knocked out whole, management

Wash, attempt to put back in and splint. UNable, place in milk or silva, seek medical attention

Asthma symptoms

Cough, wheeze, can lead to fatigue

Asthma management

Sit comfortably, give 4 puffs of reliever (ventolin - best results with spacer), 4 breaths per puff, wait 4 minutes, repeat, not relieved call 000

Coach Considerations Asthma

Precede activity with controlled breathing and relaxation. drink water. Gradual warm up and cool down. remove from environment if you are environmentally triggered

Diabetes

condition where the pancreas cannot produce/control insulin in the body

Type 1 Diabetes

Inability to produce insulin. Associated with childhood onset.

Type 2 diabetes

normally a lifestyle disease. Adult onset.

Coach Considerations Diabetes

Management plan e.g. allowing breaks for glucose testing, sugar and injections.

Hypoglycemia characteristics and treatment

Low blood sugar, fatigue, poor reaction time and anxiety - sugar e.g. jellybeans and juice.

Hyperglycemia characteristics and treatment

High blood sugar, urination, thirst, drowsiness - insult and medical assistance

Epilepsy

Disruption in brain function leading to loss of consciousness and seizures/fits

Coach Considerations Epilepsy

management plan. Avoid contact sports, swimming alone, scuba diving and rock climbing. If controlled by medications, sport is not affected

Overuse Injuries

Occur due to repeated use/action cuasing tissue damage and pain. Childern are susceptible because of different rates of bone and soft tissue growth

Common overuse injuries

Stress fractures, tennis elbow, swimmers shoulder, runners knee etc

Common Causes of Overuse injuries

High training volume & intensity, lack of general fitness, biomec problems, unsuitable equipment, strength/flexibility imbalances.

Coach considerations Overuse Injuries

Gradual build up of intensity, break up repetitive movements, limit level of impact and equipment ie shoes

Treatment overuse injuries

Physiotherapy, medication, modification of training

Overuse example

Shin stress fracture for a runner. Microtears on the shin from repetitive running and stopping movements turns into a stress fracture

Thermoregulation

Maintenance of stable internal temperature. Hard for children as sweat glands are underdeveloped. tolerance is lower leading to an increased risk of dehydration and hypothermia

Coach considerations Thermoregulation

Require regular breaks in shade, appropriate dispersing heat clothing, regular water breaks

Resistance training

can be safe if low resistance and highly repetitive - builds fitness and beneficial to skill. heavy weights should be avoided

Coach considerations Resistance training

Focus on skill&technique, work on large muscle groups using body weight first. 1-3 sets of 10-15 reps 2-3 days a week

Implications of Resistance Training

If done wrong can lead to growth plate injuries

Sports Participation options for aged people

Aqua aerobics, Tai Chi, Gym, Swimming, Bowls, Walking

Aqua Aerobics

Resistance, Low Impact - Suitable for All conditions

Gym

Aerobic, resistance, low impact, Rehab - fits all conditions

Bowls

Social, not aerobic, supporting equipment to help with back injuries, low intensity, no resistance - All but mobility could be an issue

Heart Conditions

e.g. hypertension could have issues if exercise/sports participation is not regulated, seek medical clearance and advice for this

Key Principals - Heart conditions

require medical clearance, aerobic exercise, gradual progress, moderate intensity, sustainable benefits,