AP LANG - 1st Semester Vocab
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116 Terms
Q: What is rhetoric
A: Rhetoric is persuading through forms of writing or speaking.
Q: What are logos, pathos, and ethos
A: They are rhetorical appeals used to persuade an audience through logic, emotion, and credibility.
Q: What is an audience
A: The audience is the group of people the writing or speech is directed toward, such as students, workers, or parents.
Q: What is context
A: Context is the background or information needed to understand an argument, including historical events or circumstances.
Q: What is purpose
A: Purpose is the reason the writer or speaker creates the text, often to persuade or inform.
Q: What is a thesis, claim, or assertion
A: It is the main argument or central idea of a text, such as “We should stop using plastic.”
Q: What is a subject
A: The subject is what the writing or speech is about, such as climate change or school education.
Q: Who is the speaker
A: The speaker is the person delivering the message, such as the author or someone giving a speech.
Q: What is the rhetorical (Aristotelian) triangle
A: It is the relationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject used to analyze a piece of writing.
Q: What is ethos
A: Ethos is the credibility or trustworthiness of the speaker, such as a doctor or teacher.
Q: What is logos
A: Logos is the use of logical reasoning and evidence like statistics, facts, and data.
Q: What is pathos
A: Pathos is persuading the audience through emotions, such as using sad music or happy images.
Q: What is tone
A: Tone is the speaker’s attitude toward the subject, such as serious or sarcastic.
Q: What is an assumption or warrant
A: It is the reasoning that connects evidence to a claim, such as “We should stop using plastic because…”
Q: What is a counterargument
A: A counterargument is an opposing viewpoint to the argument you are trying to persuade.
Q: What does it mean to concede
A: To concede means to accept part of the opposing argument as true, often saying “It’s true, but…”
Q: What does it mean to refute
A: To refute means to deny the truth of an opposing argument using evidence.
Q: What is connotation
A: Connotation is the emotional or cultural meaning associated with a word, such as “childlike” meaning innocent or immature.
Q: What is denotation
A: Denotation is the literal or dictionary definition of a word.
Q: What is propaganda
A: Propaganda is the spreading of information or ideas to influence people, often through ads, newspapers, or headlines.
Q: What is a polemic
A: A polemic is a strong verbal or written argument that attacks or criticizes others’ opinions, such as in legal or political debates.Q: What is arrangement
Q: What is exordium
A: Exordium is the introduction of a text that sets up the argument and includes a hook to grab the audience’s attention.
Q: What is narratio
A: Narratio provides background information and explains the context or events that happened before the argument.
Q: What is confirmatio
A: Confirmatio is the section where the writer presents analysis, reasons, evidence, facts, and examples that support the main claim.
Q: What is refutatio
A: Refutatio addresses counterarguments and proves opposing arguments wrong or weaker.
Q: What is peroratio
A: Peroratio is the conclusion that strongly ends the writing and reinforces the main argument.
Q: What is narration
A: Narration is the act of telling a story, often a personal experience from the author.
Q: What is description
A: Description uses detailed language to create a clear image or setting for the reader.
Q: What is process analysis
A: Process analysis explains how something works or how to do something step by step, such as a recipe.
Q: What is exemplification
A: Exemplification uses examples or data to support an idea or argument.
Q: What is comparison and contrast
A: Comparison and contrast points out similarities and differences between two subjects.
Q: What is classification and division
A: Classification and division breaks a topic into categories or groups, such as dividing types of animals.
Q: What is definition
A: Definition explains what a word or concept means; denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word.
Q: What is cause and effect
A: Cause and effect explains why something happened and the result that followed.
Q: What is close reading
A: Close reading is a detailed analysis of a text, examining it sentence by sentence.
Q: What is analysis
A: Analysis breaks something down to understand how it works and how evidence supports an argument.
Q: What are colloquialisms
A: Colloquialisms are informal words or slang used in everyday speech, such as “y’all” or “gonna.”
Q: What is diction
A: Diction is an author’s word choice and how it affects tone and meaning.
Q: What is syntax
A: Syntax is how words are arranged to form sentences, affecting flow and emphasis.
Q: What is a metaphor
A: A metaphor is a comparison that does not use “like” or “as,” such as “The classroom was a zoo.”Q: What is a simile
Q: What is personification
A: Personification gives human qualities to nonliving objects, such as “The sun smiled down on us.”
Q: What is hyperbole
A: Hyperbole is extreme exaggeration used for emphasis, such as “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.”
Q: What is a scheme
A: A scheme is an arrangement of words that focuses on sound or structure, such as rhyme or patterns.
Q: What is parallelism
A: Parallelism uses the same grammatical structure for emphasis, such as “I came, I saw, I left.”
Q: What is juxtaposition
A: Juxtaposition places contrasting ideas next to each other, such as a dog and a cat.
Q: What is antithesis
A: Antithesis is a balanced sentence that contrasts opposing ideas, such as “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”
Q: What is a periodic sentence
A: A periodic sentence withholds the main idea until the end of the sentence.
Q: What is a cumulative sentence
A: A cumulative sentence begins with the main idea and adds details afterward.
Q: What is annotation
A: Annotation is taking notes while analyzing a text, such as highlighting or adding comments.
Q: What is a topic sentence
A: A topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph, such as “Cats are better than dogs.”
Q: What is imagery
A: Imagery uses vivid language to appeal to the senses, such as “The warm, sweet aroma filled the kitchen.”
Q: What is an oxymoron
A: An oxymoron combines two opposite words, such as “bittersweet.”
Q: What is a dialectical journal
A: A dialectical journal is a double-entry journal with quotes on one side and analysis on the other.
Q: What is zeugma
A: Zeugma uses one word to modify two others in different ways, such as “He lost his phone and his temper.”
Q: What is a graphic organizer
A: A graphic organizer is a visual chart used to organize information, such as a Venn diagram or flowchart.
Q: What does archaic mean
A: Archaic refers to outdated words or language from an earlier time, such as “heretofore.”
Q: What is a complex sentence
A: A complex sentence contains an independent clause and a dependent clause, such as “Once it rained, we went home.”
Q: What is a declarative sentence
A: A declarative sentence makes a statement, such as “The sky is blue.”
Q: What is anaphora
A: Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of clauses, such as “We will go to the mall, we will go to the beach, we will go to the store.”Q: What is antimetabole
Q: What is a hortative sentence
A: A hortative sentence encourages the audience to take action, such as “Let’s go for a walk.”
Q: What is an imperative sentence
A: An imperative sentence commands the audience to take action, such as “Close the door.”
Q: What is alliteration
A: Alliteration is the repetition of words beginning with the same consonant sound, such as “Busy bees buzzing.”
Q: What is an allusion
A: An allusion is a reference to a well-known person, work, or place, such as Gandhi, the Bible, or Shakespeare.
Q: What is asyndeton
A: Asyndeton leaves out conjunctions between words or phrases, such as “I came, I saw, I conquered.”
Q: What is inversion
A: Inversion reverses the normal order of words in a sentence, such as “Shouts the coach.”
Q: What is metonymy
A: Metonymy is the use of a word closely related to something to stand in for the thing itself, such as “the crown” to mean a king or queen.
Q: What is a rhetorical question
A: A rhetorical question is asked to make a point rather than to get an answer, such as “Is the sky blue
Q: What is documentation
A: Documentation is recorded or stored information, such as contracts or official records.
Q: What is sarcasm
A: Sarcasm says the opposite of what is meant in order to mock or criticize, such as saying “They’re really organized” when they are not.
Q: What is irony
A: Irony is when the outcome or meaning is the opposite of what is expected, such as a fire station catching fire.
Q: What is satire
A: Satire uses humor, exaggeration, or mockery to criticize or expose flaws, often through impersonations or parody.
Q: What is a rhetorical strategy
A: A rhetorical strategy is a technique used to persuade an audience, create a response, or give meaning, such as logos, ethos, or pathos.
Q: What is a rhetorical device
A: A rhetorical device is a specific method used to persuade or influence the audience’s reaction, such as allusion, tone, metaphor, or data.
Q: What is mythos
A: Mythos refers to shared stories, traditions, or cultural beliefs, such as fables or myths.
Q: What is jargon
A: Jargon is specialized language or terminology used by a specific group or profession.
Q: What does vulgar mean
A: Vulgar language lacks professionalism or sophistication and may include profanity or crude humor.
Q: What does scholarly mean
A: Scholarly refers to academic or educational work, such as journals, lectures, or formal presentations.
Q: What is a syllogism
A: A syllogism is a logical argument that draws a conclusion from two or more premises, such as building facts to reach a conclusion.Q: What is a syllogism
Q: What does informal mean
A: Informal language is relaxed, familiar, and casual rather than serious or official.
Q: What does precise mean
A: Precise means very exact and accurate, with little or no error.
Q: What does esoteric mean
A: Esoteric refers to writing or ideas meant for a specific, knowledgeable group of people.
Q: What is a faulty assumption
A: A faulty assumption is accepting something as true without evidence to support it.
Q: What does literal mean
A: Literal means not figurative; something is actually happening or real.
Q: What does figurative mean
A: Figurative language expresses ideas symbolically or metaphorically rather than literally.
Q: What is apostrophe (in speech or writing)
A: Apostrophe directly addresses someone or something that is absent, dead, or unable to respond, such as “Oh nature, you are so beautiful.”
Q: What does pedantic mean
A: Pedantic describes someone who is overly concerned with rules, details, or formality.
Q: What does pretentious mean
A: Pretentious describes someone who tries to appear more important or knowledgeable than they are.
Q: What does obtuse mean
A: Obtuse means slow to understand or lacking intelligence and is often used as an insult.
Q: What does folksy mean
A: Folksy describes an informal, friendly style meant to appeal to ordinary people.
Q: What is an ad hominem argument
A: An ad hominem attack targets the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.
Q: What is post hoc, ergo propter hoc
A: This fallacy assumes that because one event happened before another, it caused the second event.
Q: What is equivocation
A: Equivocation uses a word in two different meanings to mislead or confuse.
Q: What does trite mean
A: Trite describes something overused and lacking originality or impact.
Q: What does idiomatic mean
A: Idiomatic refers to expressions whose meanings are not literal, such as “once in a blue moon.”
Q: What does formal mean in writing
A: Formal writing is serious, professional, and appropriate for academic or official settings.
Q: What is a false dilemma
A: A false dilemma presents only two options when more choices actually exist.
Q: What is begging the question
A: Begging the question is a circular argument that restates the claim as its own evidence.Q: What is an appositive
Q: What is an ellipsis
A: An ellipsis is three dots (…) used to show an unfinished thought, omitted words, or a pause, such as “And they left…”
Q: What does fervent mean
A: Fervent means showing strong feelings, passion, or enthusiasm.
Q: What does vagrant mean
A: A vagrant is a person who wanders from place to place without a home and often begs for food or money.