CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (PRE BOARDS REVIEWER)

renal blood flow

RA

AA

Glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

vasa recta

renal vein

white

specific hazard

daily

disinfection of sink

order of urine formation

Glomerulus, proximal tubules, loop of henle, distal tubules, collecting duct, calyx, renal pelvis

renal blood flow

1,200 ml/min

renal plasma flow

600-700 ml/min

glomerulus

consists of a coil of approximately 8 capillary lobes within the Bowman's capsule

1.010

glomerular filtrate SG

tubular reabsorption

first function to be affected in renal dse

PCT

major site of reabsorption

renal threshold

plasma concentration at which saturation occurs

Glucose renal threshold

160-180mg/dL

RAAS

controls the regulation of blood flow to and within the glomerulus

explain

how raas works

DLH and ALH

whre urine concentration begins

osmosis, DLH

water is removed via - in the -

Na and CL

reabsorbed in the ALH

hormones

controls water and sodium reabsorption in the DCT and CD

ADH/vasopressin

a hormone that regulates water reabsorption

aldosterone

regulates Na reabsorption

clearance test

Used to evaluate glomerular filtration

inulin clearance test

gold standard for clearance test (glomerular filtration)

creatinine clearance

routinely used clearance test

state

crea clearance formula

cystatin c

indirect measure of creatinine, for body builders

PAH - exogenous

PSP - obsolete

urinary ammonia and titratable acidity

tubular secretion and renal blood flow tests

concentration test

evaluates tubular reabsorption

specific gavity

number and density of particles

osmolarity

number of particles in a solution

freezing point depression

osmolarity principle

95% water

5% solutes

urine composition

urea

major organic component (60-90%)

chloride

major inorganic component

50 ml

urine contaioner capacity

10-15ml

12 ml

required urine vol; average

1200-1500 mL/day

normal adult urine output

polyuria

excessive urination

oliguria

Decreased urine output

anuria

complete suppression of urine production

nocturia

excessive urination at night

<1.018

SG for nocturia

PPBUN

increase in unpreserved urine

refrigeration

method of choice urine preservation

prevents bacterial groeth for 24 hrs

bovic acid

used for culture transport

formalin

excellent sediment preservative

toluene

floats on urine surface

clings on pippetes

NaF

Prevents glycolysis; good preservative for drug analysis

SACCAMANO'S FIXATIVE

cytology studies

-50% ethanol, 2% carbowax

random spx

routine/qualitative UA

catheterized

For bacterial culture

suprapubic aspiration

anaerobic culture and cytology

pediatric

soft, clear plastic with adhesive

1st morning spx

ideal spx for routin UA and PT

midstream clean catch

safer, less traumatic method for bacterial culture and routin UA

3 glass collection

for prostatic infection

3rd spx

testing sample for prostatic infection

prostatic infection

wbc and bacteria in 3rd spx is 10x greater than the first

24 hr urine spx

for analytes exhibiting diurnal variations

afternoon spx

for urobilinogen determination

chain of custody

provides documentation of proper sample ID

30-45ml

urine vol for drug testing

32.5-35.7c

temp of urine within 4 mins