History chapter 9 humanism

What is humanism?

A new way of thinking that puts the individual human being at the center and emphasizes critical thinking, knowledge, and justice.

How did humanists see human beings?

As independent thinkers who can shape their own lives.

Where and when did Humanism begin?

In Italy during the 14th century.

What does the "rediscovery of antiquity" mean?

The renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts.

Why did classical texts reappear in Italy?

Because of Mediterranean trade routes and the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

What problem did humanists face with classical texts?

Originals were lost and medieval copies contained many errors.

What was the goal of humanists regarding texts?

To restore texts to their original form.

Where were most medieval copies made?

In monasteries.

How did humanists correct mistakes in texts?

By comparing different versions of the same text.

Why was the printing press (1450) important?

It allowed ideas and books to spread quickly across Europe.

How did Humanism influence science?

Humanists tested ancient knowledge through observation and research.

What was Ptolemy's theory?

Geocentrism - the Earth is the center of the universe.

What did Copernicus discover?

Heliocentrism - the Sun is the center of the universe.

Why is Galileo important?

He confirmed heliocentrism with observations and calculations.

Why is Vesalius important?

He founded modern anatomy by dissecting corpses and disproving Galen.

Who was Galen?

An ancient Roman physician whose ideas were accepted without question.

What did Van Leeuwenhoek discover?

Microbes and bacteria using a microscope.

What did Newton discover?

Gravity; he founded modern physics.

What is Mercator known for?

The Mercator projection (modern world map).

What is the "disenchantment of the world"?

The idea that science explains the world, not God.

How did humanists see God?

As a creator who set the world in motion but isn't active in our lifes

How did the Church react to Galileo?

He was condemned and put under house arrest.

What did Erasmus criticize?

People from the chruch

What is The Praise of Folly?

A satirical book criticizing Church and society.

What is Utopia about?

An ideal society used to criticize inequality and injustice.

What was the Renaissance?

A cultural and artistic movement inspired by Humanism and antiquity.

What became central in Renaissance art?

Humans, nature, realism, and individuality.

Which techniques were important in Renaissance art?

Perspective, realism, symmetry, harmony, and the golden ratio.

What subjects were common in Renaissance art?

Biblical scenes, classical myths, portraits, and nature.

What is contrapposto?

An S-shaped posture that makes sculptures look natural and dynamic.