Section 3: The Global War
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80 Terms
What was the Cold War?
A period of political tension and rivalry mainly between the USA and USSR after World War II
What were the main characteristics of the Cold War?
Ideological conflict political rivalry military competition and proxy wars
What ideology did the USA represent?
Capitalism and liberal democracy
What ideology did the USSR represent?
Communism and a one party socialist state
What was containment?
The US policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism
Who introduced the policy of containment?
George Kennan
What was the Truman Doctrine?
A US policy promising support to countries threatened by communism
What was the Marshall Plan?
A US economic aid programme designed to rebuild Western Europe and prevent communism
What was the globalisation of the Cold War?
The expansion of Cold War tensions beyond Europe into Asia and other regions
What were proxy wars?
Conflicts where the USA and USSR supported opposing sides without directly fighting each other
What was the Korean War?
A conflict between North Korea and South Korea that became a Cold War proxy war
When did the Korean War begin?
1950
When did the Korean War end?
1953
Who led North Korea during the Korean War?
Kim Il Sung
Who led South Korea during the Korean War?
Syngman Rhee
What political system did North Korea follow?
Communism
What political system did South Korea follow?
Capitalism
What was the 38th parallel?
The line dividing North and South Korea after World War II
Why was Korea divided?
The USSR occupied the north and the USA occupied the south after Japan surrendered
What was the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea?
The communist state established in North Korea in 1948
What was the Republic of Korea?
The capitalist state established in South Korea in 1948
What was Kim Il Sung’s goal?
To reunify Korea under communist rule
What was Syngman Rhee’s goal?
To reunify Korea under anti communist rule
When did North Korea invade South Korea?
June 1950
What organisation responded to the invasion of South Korea?
The United Nations
Why was the UN able to act against North Korea?
The Soviet Union was boycotting the UN Security Council
Who commanded UN forces in the Korean War?
General Douglas MacArthur
What was the Inchon landing?
A surprise UN amphibious attack that pushed North Korean forces back
Why did China enter the Korean War?
China feared the USA would threaten its borders
How many Chinese troops entered the war?
Around 300
Why was MacArthur dismissed?
He proposed using nuclear weapons and expanding the war into China
Who dismissed MacArthur?
President Harry Truman
What was the outcome of the Korean War?
The division of Korea remained close to the 38th parallel
What was the Demilitarised Zone?
A buffer zone separating North and South Korea
What was the significance of the Korean War?
It globalised containment and intensified Cold War tensions
What was McCarthyism?
A period of intense anti communist suspicion in the USA
Who was Joseph McCarthy?
A US senator who claimed communists had infiltrated American government and society
When did McCarthyism occur?
Early 1950s
What impact did McCarthyism have?
People were accused of communism often without strong evidence
What was the Chinese Civil War?
A conflict between Chinese Communists and Nationalists
Who led the Chinese Communist Party?
Mao Zedong
Who led the Nationalists?
Chiang Kai shek
What was the goal of Mao Zedong?
To establish a communist government in China
What was the goal of Chiang Kai shek?
To maintain a nationalist capitalist government
When did the Chinese Civil War resume?
1946
When did the Communists win the Chinese Civil War?
1949
What was declared in China in 1949?
The People’s Republic of China
Where did Chiang Kai shek retreat to?
Taiwan
Why did the Communists win the Chinese Civil War?
They had strong peasant support better organisation and effective leadership
What weaknesses affected the Nationalists?
Corruption poor leadership and lack of popular support
Why was the communist victory important for the Cold War?
It expanded communism into Asia
How did the USA react to communist victory in China?
They increased efforts to contain communism in Asia
What was the role of Japan in the Cold War?
Japan became a key US ally in Asia
Why was Japan important to the USA?
It acted as a base to contain communism in Asia
When did the US occupation of Japan begin?
1945
When did the occupation end?
1952
Who controlled Japan during occupation?
General Douglas MacArthur
What was SCAP?
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers controlling Japan
What were the main goals of the occupation of Japan?
Demilitarisation democratisation and economic recovery
What political reforms were introduced in Japan?
A new constitution democratic government and civil rights
What rights were guaranteed in the Japanese constitution?
Freedom of speech religion and assembly
What change occurred to the Emperor of Japan?
He became a symbolic figure with no political power
What economic reforms occurred in Japan?
Land redistribution and reduction of large industrial monopolies
What were the Zaibatsu?
Large powerful Japanese industrial conglomerates
What was the purpose of breaking up the Zaibatsu?
To reduce concentrated economic power
Why did US policy towards Japan change in the late 1940s?
The Cold War increased the need for a strong capitalist ally in Asia
What role did Japan play during the Korean War?
It acted as a supply base for US forces
What treaty ended the occupation of Japan?
The San Francisco Peace Treaty
When was the San Francisco Peace Treaty signed?
1951
What did the treaty allow the USA to do?
Maintain military bases in Japan
What was the impact of US aid on Japan?
Japan experienced rapid economic growth
What was the importance of Taiwan during the Cold War?
It became a US supported anti communist state
What did the USA guarantee after the Korean War?
Protection of Taiwan from communist invasion
What was the US strategy in Asia?
To create strong capitalist allies to contain communism
What is meant by a limited war?
A war fought with restricted objectives rather than total victory
Why was the Korean War considered a limited war?
The USA avoided direct war with the USSR or China
What was the global impact of the Korean War?
It increased militarisation and Cold War tensions worldwide
What was NATO?
A Western military alliance formed to resist Soviet expansion
Why did the Korean War strengthen NATO?
Western countries increased military cooperation and defence spending
What was the impact of the Korean War on US foreign policy?
The USA committed to defending countries threatened by communism worldwide
