APUSH ROARING 20s

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

Legislation that temporarily restricted immigration into the U.S. based on 1910 census quotas.

Immigration Acts of 1924 & 1929

Laws establishing strict quotas based on 1890 census data, favoring N. & W. Europeans over S. & E. Europeans and Asians.

Taylorism

The Principles of Scientific Management; a method to improve industrial efficiency and labor productivity.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)

High tariff law passed to protect domestic factories and farms; hurt European trade.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)

Extremely high tariff that deepened the depression by destroying international trade.

Andrew Mellon's Tax Policies

"Trickle Down" economics; belief that tax cuts for the rich and businesses would stimulate economic growth.

Mellon on the Debt

Believed the national debt should be reduced through business-friendly policies and reduced government spending.

Women in the 1920s (Jobs)

Moved into low-paying "pink collar" jobs (clerks, teachers, nurses); faced wage discrimination.

Marcus Garvey

Founder of the UNIA who promoted black pride, the 'Back to Africa' movement, and self-sufficiency.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Organization founded by Marcus Garvey to promote African American independence and pride.

Black Star Line

Steamship company created by Marcus Garvey to transport African Americans back to Africa and facilitate trade.

Harry Daugherty

Corrupt Attorney General under Harding; involved in selling liquor permits and pardons.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Major scandal where Sec. of Interior Albert Fall leased naval oil reserves to private companies for bribes.

The Veteran's Bureau Scandal

Charles Forbes looted the government of $200 million meant for veterans' hospitals.

Albert Fall

Secretary of the Interior jailed for the Teapot Dome Scandal; first cabinet member to go to prison.

Harding's Cabinet: The "Best Minds"

The non-corrupt members: Herbert Hoover (Commerce), Charles Evans Hughes (State), Andrew Mellon (Treasury).

Capper-Volstead Act

Exempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.

McNary-Haugen Bill

Proposal for the govt to buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad; vetoed twice by Coolidge.

Vladimir Zworkin & Philo Farnsworth

Pioneers credited with the invention and development of the Television.

Lindbergh Baby Trial

"Trial of the Century" regarding the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh's son; led to the Lindbergh Law.

Sacco & Vanzetti

Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder; trial viewed as biased by nativism and anti-radicalism.

Leo Frank

Jewish factory manager lynched in Georgia in 1915 due to anti-Semitic sentiment.

Leopold & Loeb

Wealthy students who murdered a boy to prove they were "supermen"; defended by Clarence Darrow.

The Scopes Monkey Trial

1925 trial testing the Butler Act; focused on the teaching of evolution vs. creationism.

John T. Scopes

Tennessee teacher indicted for teaching evolution.

Clarence Darrow

Defense attorney for Scopes; made Bryan look foolish on the stand.

William Jennings Bryan

Prosecutor in Scopes Trial; represented fundamentalist biblical interpretation.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Constitutional amendment proposed by Alice Paul for equal legal rights for women; did not pass.

Gibson Girl

The pre-WWI ideal of feminine beauty; more traditional than the Flapper.

Flappers

1920s women who challenged social norms with short hair, short skirts, smoking, and drinking.

Margaret Sanger

Leader of the birth control movement and advocate for contraception.

Amelia Earhart

First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic.

Clara Bow

The "It" Girl; a silent film star who personified the Roaring Twenties sex appeal.

Muller v. Oregon / Adkins v. Children’s Hospital

Supreme Court cases dealing with women's labor rights; Adkins reversed Muller, denying women special protection/minimum wage.

George Washington Carver

Scientist who revolutionized Southern agriculture with peanut, sweet potato, and soybean products.

Birth of a Nation (D.W. Griffith)

1915 Film that glorified the KKK and defamed blacks; sparked the rebirth of the Klan.

The Rebirth of the KKK

Resurgence in the 1920s; anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist.

Red Scare

Period of intense anti-communist hysteria (1919-1920) provoked by the Bolshevik Revolution.

Palmer Raids

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's roundup of thousands of suspected radicals and communists.

Harlem Renaissance

A flourishing of African American art, music, and literature in the 1920s.

Langston Hughes

Famous poet of the Harlem Renaissance.

Zora Neale Hurston

Author and anthropologist of the Harlem Renaissance (Their Eyes Were Watching God).

Duke Ellington & Louis Armstrong

Jazz legends central to the Harlem Renaissance music scene.

The Cotton Club

Famous Harlem nightspot where black performers played for white audiences.

The Lost Generation

Writers disillusioned by WWI and American materialism (Stein, Fitzgerald, Hemingway).

H.L. Mencken

Satirical writer who criticized the American middle class and democracy.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Author of The Great Gatsby; captured the glamour and cruelty of the Jazz Age.

Ernest Hemingway

Writer known for simple style; The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms (anti-war themes).

Sinclair Lewis

Novelist who satirized middle-class America (Main Street, Babbitt).

William Faulkner

Southern writer known for stream-of-consciousness style (The Sound and the Fury).

T.S. Eliot & Robert Frost

Influential poets of the era; Eliot wrote The Waste Land.

Themes of The Great Gatsby

The corruption of the American Dream; illusion vs. reality; the hollowness of the upper class.

Washington Disarmament Conference

1921-22 meeting led by Hughes to reduce naval armaments and tensions in East Asia.

Five Power Treaty

Limited naval tonnage ratios (US:5, UK:5, Japan:3, Fr:1.67, It:1.67).

Four Power Treaty

US, Britain, France, Japan agreed to respect Pacific territories.

Nine Power Treaty

Affirmed the Open Door Policy in China.

Japan's perceived slight

Resented the 5-5-3 ratio in the Five Power Treaty which limited their navy compared to US/UK.

The Man Nobody Knows

Book by Bruce Barton portraying Jesus as the ultimate businessman/advertiser.

Lansing-Ishii Agreement

1917 agreement where US recognized Japan's special interests in China (later annulled).

The Scottsboro Boys Case

Nine black teenagers falsely accused of raping two white women in Alabama; a miscarriage of justice.

The Jazz Singer

The first "talkie" motion picture (1927) starring Al Jolson.

Chicago & Gangster Violence

Rise of organized crime due to Prohibition; territory wars between gangs.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol.

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th Amendment (ended Prohibition) in 1933.

Charles Lindbergh

American hero who made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic (1927).

Henry Ford

Revolutionized the car industry with the assembly line and the Model T.

Ransom Olds

Early automobile pioneer (Oldsmobile) who helped develop the assembly line concept.

Speakeasies

Illegal bars that sold alcohol during Prohibition.

IWW & Strikes

Industrial Workers of the World; radical labor union involved in post-WWI strikes.

The Bolshevik Revolution

1917 Communist revolution in Russia that sparked fear of revolution in the US.

Schenck v. U.S.

Supreme Court ruled free speech could be limited if it presented a "clear and present danger."

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 international agreement outlawing war as an instrument of national policy.

Al Capone

Infamous Chicago gangster and bootlegger; eventually jailed for tax evasion.

John Dillinger

Notorious bank robber and gangster during the Depression era.

Alfred Smith

Democratic candidate in 1928; first Roman Catholic to run for President; lost to Hoover.

The Volstead Act

Federal law enacted to enforce the 18th Amendment (Prohibition).

Dawes Plan (1924)

Rescheduled German reparation payments and opened way for American loans to Germany.

Young Plan (1929)

Further reduced German reparations and arranged for repayment terms.

Babe Ruth

Baseball superstar who made the sport a national pastime.

Jack Dempsey

Heavyweight boxing champion; his fights drew "Million-Dollar Gates."

1920 Census

First census to reveal that more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas.

What provoked the ‘Red Scare’?

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and a wave of strikes/bombings in the US.

What was the Rebirth of the Klan a response to?

Modernity, diversity, changing moral standards, and the Great Migration.

What industries dominated before the car?

Steel, Railroads, Textiles.

N. vs. SE Europeans in Immigration Law

Laws favored Northern/Western Europeans (perceived as superior) over Southern/Eastern Europeans.

Weaknesses of Warren Harding

Inability to say no, poor judge of character, surrounded by corrupt cronies (Ohio Gang).

US & Middle East Oil (Early 1900s)

US secured oil concessions/rights in the Middle East to ensure supply.

Results of demand for war debt repayment

Forced Germany into hyperinflation; strained relations with allies; led to Dawes Plan.

The Roaring 20s (Assessment)

A decade of economic prosperity, cultural change, and consumerism masked by underlying instability.

Comparison to Progressive Era

20s retreated from Progressive reform; gov't returned to pro-business/laissez-faire stance.

"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"

FDR's 1933 Inaugural Address quote attempting to calm the panic.

Stock Market Crash / Black Tuesday

Oct 29, 1929; panic selling caused market collapse; a catalyst, not sole cause, of Depression.

London Economic Conference

1933 global conference to stabilize currency; FDR withdrew, prioritizing US recovery, causing it to fail.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Redefined First Lady role; active in politics, human rights, and social justice.

Election of 1932

FDR (Dem) defeats Hoover (Rep) in a landslide; beginning of black voter shift to Democrats.

"Brain Trust"

FDR's group of academic advisers who helped author New Deal legislation.

Frances Perkins

Secretary of Labor; first female cabinet member.

Cordell Hull

Secretary of State under FDR; promoted low tariffs and Good Neighbor Policy.

The Fireside Chats

FDR's radio broadcasts to explain policies and reassure the American people.

The Dust Bowl

Great Plains drought disaster caused by over-farming and weather; devastated farmers.