Ch 1: Intro to Microbes and Building Blocks

Be sure to enable [answer with definition] and [multiple choice]

Which of the following processes can be the result of human manipulation of microbial genes?

Natural selection

Setting aside deaths from COVID-19, the top 10 causes of death in both the U.S. and the world were mostly __.

noninfectious diseases

When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered __.

a theory

The concept of abiogenesis was finally disproven by __.

Pasteur’s use of swan-neck flasks

What is the proper name for the specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the naked eye?

microbiology

Which type of cell has a true nucleus?

Eukaryotes

Which type of cell is single-celled and has no true nucleus?

Prokaryotes & Bacteria

Which type of cell is single-celled, no true nucleus, and distinct from bacteria?

Archaea

Which type of theory is:

• The accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments

• Documented every day in all corners of the planet

• Testable science

Theory of Evolution

Which type of theory is:

• Has undergone years and years of testing and has not been disproved

• A well-studied and well-established natural phenomenon

• Not just a random guess

Theories in Science

Bacteria and archaea are predominantly __.

single-celled.

Which cell type have the following characteristics:

• Many are single-celled

• Developed into highly complex multicellular organisms

• Larger size

• A small minority compared to bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotes

Microbes are __.

ubiquitous.

__ are found in:

• Deep in the earth’s crust

• In polar ice caps and oceans

• Inside the bodies of plants and animals

• In the earth’s landscape

• Essential to life

Microbes

What is photosynthesis?

Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, and accompanied by the formation of oxygen.

Which type of photosynthesis:

• Occurred in bacteria before plants evolved

• Did not produce oxygen

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Which type of photosynthesis:

• Evolved from anoxygenic photosynthesis

• Photosynthetic microorganisms are responsible for 70% of the earth’s photosynthesis

Oxygenic photosynthesis

__ are the main forces that drive the structure and content of the soil, water, and atmosphere.

Microorganisms

__ produce CO₂, NO (nitric oxide), and CH₃ that insulate the earth’s atmosphere.

Microbes

__ are the most abundant inhabitants of the oceans.

Viruses

__ live in close association with plants and assist them in obtaining nutrients and fighting disease.

Bacteria and fungi

Historical uses of __ by __:

• Bread production

• Alcohol production

• Cheese production

• Treatment of wounds and lesions

• Mining precious metals

• Cleaning up human-created contamination

microbes, humans

What is genetic engineering?

Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

What is recombinant DNA technology?

Makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA.

What is bioremediation?

Uses microbes already present or introduced intentionally to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants.

What are pathogens?

Microbes that cause disease

True of False: The vast majority of microorganisms that associate with humans are harmless or beneficial. (T/F?)

True

Which microbe has the following characteristics:

• Over 2000 different microbes cause disease.

• 10 billion infections occur across the world every year.

• Infectious diseases are among the most common causes of death worldwide

Pathogens

__ are membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions

Ex: Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Organelles

__ and __ are 10 times smaller than eukaryotes and lack organelles (“prenucleus”).

bacteria, archaea

Which microbe has the following characteristics:

• Not independently living cellular organisms!!!

• Exist at the level of complexity somewhere between large molecules and cells

• Composed of a small amount of hereditary material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a membrane

• Inert outside the host!!

• Exist as a form of genetic material that confers a partial genetic program inside the host

Viruses

Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering?

viruses

The smallest and most significant taxon is __.

species.

Which of the following is correctly ordered from largest to smallest?

Helminth, Protozoan, Bacterium, Virus

Disease-causing microorganisms are called __.

pathogens.

The most prevalent worldwide infectious diseases are __.

lower respiratory diseases.

Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally been called __.

prokaryotes.

Identify the individual who disproved spontaneous generation by using a swan-neck flask to show that air and dust were the source of microbes.

Louis Pasteur

Which scientist did the following:

• Invented pasteurization

• Conducted the first studies linking human disease to infection

Louis Pasteur

The first scientist to clearly link a specific microorganism to a specific disease was __.

Robert Koch

Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis?

Robert Koch

__ are a series of logical steps that establish whether or not an organism is pathogenic and which disease it caused.

Koch’s postulates

Which scientist did the following:

• Studied household objects, plants, and trees

• Described cellular structures and drew sketches of “little structures” that seemed alive

Robert Hooke

Which scientist did the following:

• Manufactured simple microscopes to study fabrics

• Observed “animals” in a drop of water

• Observed “animacules” scraped from teeth

• Constructed over 250 small microscopes that could magnify objects up to 300 times

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Identify the individual who ground lenses so finely that "animalcules" were observed up to 300 times their normal size.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

__ are superstructures of life, very large, and has four main types.

Macromolecules

__ are subunits of macromolecules.

Monomers

__ are chains of various lengths of monomers.

Polymers

Which macromolecule has the following:

• Combinations of carbon and water

• Represented by the formula (CH₂O)_N

• End with the suffix -ose

Carbohydrates

__ has 6-carbon sugar.

Hexose

__ has 5-carbon sugar.

Pentose

__ is the most common and universally important hexose.

Glucose

__ is named for fruit.

Fructose

__ is important component of milk.

Lactose

__ can be found in table sugar or cane sugar.

Sucrose

Which type of carbs has the following:

• Contribute to structural support and protection

• Serve as nutrient and energy stores

Polysaccharides

__ is the important component of culture media.

Agar

__ is the cell wall found in fungi.

Chitin

__ is the component of the bacterial cell wall.

Peptidoglycan

__ is the component of the gram-negative cell wall.

Lipopolysaccharide

__ are the functions in attachment or as a site for receptors.

Glycocalyx

Which macromolecule has the following:

• Important storage lipid

• Composed of a single molecule of glycerol bound to three fatty acids

• Stored in long-term concentrated form as droplets or globules

• Yield twice as much energy per gram as other storage molecules

Triglycerides

Which type of membrane lipid is the “water loving” head?

Hydrophilic

Which type of membrane lipid is the “water fearing” tail?

Hydrophobic

Which lipid has the following:

• Complex ringed molecules found in cell membranes and hormones

• Reinforces the cell membrane in animal cells and cell-membrane-deficient bacteria

Steroids

Which lipid has the following:

• Ester formed between a long-chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid

• Waterproofing in fur, feathers, fruits, leaves, human skin, etc.

• Found in the cell wall of bacteria that cause tuberculosis that contributes to their pathogenicity

Waxes

Which macromolecule has the following:

• Predominant organic molecules in cells

• All are composed of just 20 different amino acids

Proteins

__ is a molecule composed of short chains of amino acids.

Peptide

__ usually has more than 20 amino acids and is smaller subunit of a protein.

Polypeptide

__ usually contains a minimum of 50 amino acids.

Protein

Primary (1° ) structure is __

type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain.

Secondary (2° ) structure is __

arises when various functional groups interact by forming hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary (3° ) structure is __

created by additional bonds between functional groups.

Quaternary (4° ) structure is __

when more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein.

Each protein develops a __, and its surface displays a distinct pattern of pockets and bulges.

unique shape

__ are the catalysts for all chemical reactions in cells.

Enzymes

__ are glycoproteins with specific regions for attachment with bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. (Are not cells)

Antibodies

__ is the functional three-dimensional form of a protein.

Native state

__ is the disruption of the native state of a protein through the application of various agents.

Denatured

Which type of nucleic acid has the following:

• Contains a special coded genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for each organism’s heredity.

DNA

Which type of nucleic acid has the following:

• The molecules responsible for translating the DNA program into proteins that can perform life functions.

• Long chains of nucleotides, usually in a single strand.

RNA

__ is formed by two very long nucleotide strands linked along their length by hydrogen bonds.

Double Helix of DNA

__ provides the information for the order and type of amino acids in a protein.

mRNA

__ is a carrier that delivers the correct amino acids for protein assembly.

tRNA

__ is a major component of ribosomes.

rRNA

RNA plays a significant role in __ regulation as well.

DNA

What give off energy when the bond is broken between the second and third phosphate?

ATP

What are these fundamental characteristics of:

• Spherical, polygonal, cuboidal, or cylindrical.

• Contain a protoplasm encased in a cell membrane.

• Have chromosomes containing DNA.

• Ribosomes for protein synthesis.

• Exceedingly complex in function.

Cells

Bacteria and protozoa has __.

single cell.

Animals and plants has __.

trillions of cells.

Which type of cells has the following:

• Animals, plants, fungi, protozoa

• Contain organelles that are encased by membranes and perform specific functions

Eukaryotic cells

Which type of cells has the following:

• No nucleus or organelles

• Complex fine structure

• Can engage in every activity that eukaryotic cells can

Bacteria and Archaea

Cell membranes are composed of __.

phospholipids.

Scientific name is a combination of the __ and __ names.

genus, species

Scientific names are __ when they are written in print and __ when they are written by hand.

italicized, underlined

Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering?

Viruses

The building blocks of an enzyme are __.

amino acids.

All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that __.

are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that __.

a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease.

Which statement correctly compares the sizes of different microorganisms?

Bacteria are larger than viruses.