Musculoskeletal system (Study alongside notes)

The musculoskeletal system provides _____ and _____ for body and is protection for internal organs.

support ; mobility

The musculoskeletal system produces blood cells and stores minerals such as _____ and _____.

calcium ; phosphorus

Functions of bones include:

 Support for soft tissues and organs

 Protection of organs- brain and spinal cord

 Body movement and hematopoiesis (RBC production)

 Continual remodeling and changing collagen and mineral composition to accommodate stress

Bone contains an organic matrix of ______, calcium, and phosphorus

collagen

Bones requires ____, _____, and _____ to perform functions

nerves, blood supply, and cartilaginous tissue

_____ dictates shape and surface features

Function

______ act as levers and have a flat surface for attachment of muscle.

Long bones

Long bones have grooves at the end for _____ or _____

tendons ; nerves

Examples of Long bones:

humerus, femur

Examples of short bones:

carpal and tarsal bones

Carpal and tarsal bones are _____ in shape

cuboid

Examples of flat bones:

cranium, ribs, and scapula

Example of irregular bones:

Vertebrae

What are the two major divisions of the skeleton?

axel and appendicular

Axial skeleton includes…

facial bones, auditory ossicles, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone

Appendicular skeleton includes the…

scapula and clavicle, and the bones of the pelvis and legs

______ where two or more bones come together; hold bones together while allowing movement

Articulations

How are joints classified?

type of material between bones and degree of movement.

Types of material between bones include:

fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

Synarthrodial

immovable joints (sutures of skull)

Amphiarthrosis:

slightly movable joint (symphysis pubis)

Diarthrodial:

free movable joint (knee joint)

_____ permit extension and flexion; some allow hyperextension

Hinge joints

______ permit the movement of one bone with a ring or notch of another bone (vertebrae) ; allows rotation

Pivot joints

___________: the condyle of one bone fits into an elliptically shaped articulating bone

Condyloid or ellipsoidal joints

Ball-and-socket joints:

ball-shaped bone fits into a concave area of articulating bone (hip and shoulder)

______ permit movement along axes through flat articulating surfaces (vertebrae glide against each other)

Gliding joints

_______ are synovial joints because they are lined with synovial fluid-lubricating joint to facilitate movement

Diarthrodial joints

_______ is a pad of cartilage that cushions the joint of some synovial joints (knee)

Meniscus

Over production of synovial fluid causes ______.

edema

The joint capsule, an extension of the _____, surrounds a joint and is strengthened by _____.

periosteum; ligaments

_______ are strong, dense, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones together

Ligaments

Ligaments provide support by…

encircling the joint, gripping it obliquely, or lying parallel to the bone ends across the joint

______ are strong, nonelastic cords of collagen that attach muscles to bones

Tendons

Tendons support bone movement in response to…

skeletal muscle contractions

Tendons transmit remarkable force from ______ to the _____ without sustaining injury themselves

contracting muscles ; bone

________ is semi-smooth, gel-like supporting tissue; strong and able to support weight, can be damaged easily

Cartilage

Cartilage allows the _____ to move when the lungs expand and contract

thorax

Nutrition is forced from ______ during movement and weight-bearing activities that are essential to maintaining cartilage health

synovial fluid

_______ occurs in the digestive tract and other hollow structures, such as the bladder and blood vessels

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle can contract ___ and is responsible for ___ of the heart.

spontaneously; beating

To examine the musculoskeletal system, use a ___ organization.

cephalocaudal

When examining bones, muscles, and joints, make ___ comparisons.

side-to-side

Normal in the musculoskeletal system is best determined by comparing ___ .

with the other side

A goniometer is used to measure the ___ of a joint.

range of motion

Test upper extremity coordination by having the client perform…

finger-thumb opposition

Test rapid alternating movements by having the client…

alternate between supinating and pronating the hands.

Assess lower extremity coordination by having the client perform _________, one side at a time.

rhythmic toe-tapping

If a ___ is heard or felt when the mouth opens, suspect an improperly aligned ___.

click; jaw

Normal hip flexion from the straight extended position is about ___°.

120

Normal hip flexion with the knee bent is about ___°.

90

Normal external hip rotation from the straight midline position is about ___°.

45

Normal internal hip rotation from the straight midline position is about ___°.

40

Normal hip ___ is about 45°, and normal hip ___ is about 30°.

abduction; adduction

Normal hip hyperextension is about ___°.

30

Normal knee flexion from the straight extended position is about ___°.

130

Normal knee hyperextension (if able) from the midline is about ___°.

15

Normal ankle dorsiflexion is about ___°, and plantar flexion is about ___°.

20 ; 45

Normal ankle eversion is about ___°, and inversion is about ___°.

20 ; 30

Normal toe abduction is about ___°, and adduction is about ___°.

10; 20

Toes should show equal bilateral ___ and ___.

flexion; extension

In newborns, palpate the ___ to check for fractures that may have occurred at birth.

clavicles

In newborns, check for congenital ___ ___ by examining for asymmetry of the gluteal folds or shortening of the femur.

hip dysplasia

___ is abnormal crunching or grating heard or felt when a joint with roughened articular surfaces moves.

Crepitus

___ is plantar flexion of the foot with the toes bent toward the instep.

Footdrop

___ are hard nodes on the distal interphalangeal joints in patients with osteoarthritis.

Heberden’s nodes

___ are hard nodes on the proximal interphalangeal joints in patients with osteoarthritis.

Bouchard’s nodes

_____ is muscle wasting.

Muscle atrophy

___ are strong, painful muscle contractions (muscle cramps).

Muscle spasms

In RICE, R stands for ___.

Rest

In RICE, I stands for ___.

Ice

In RICE, C stands for ___.

Compression

In RICE, E stands for ___.

Elevation

_______ is a loss of bone density and decreased bone strength results in osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis

Uncontrollable risk factors for osteoporosis include gender, ___, body size, ___, prior bone ___, family history, and early ___.

age; ethnicity; fractures; menopause

Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include…

Lack of exercise, low calcium, anorexia nervosa, low estrogen levels, smoking, caffeine, alcohol, medication intake

Men generally have ___ bones than women.

denser

Risk reduction for osteoporosis includes increasing physical activity and intake of ___ and ___.

calcium; vitamin D

To reduce osteoporosis risk, avoid excessive ___, ___, ___, and ___.

alcohol; caffeine; smoking; medications (steroids)

___ replacement therapy and preventing ___ can reduce osteoporosis complications.

Estrogen; falls