RELI 1001: EXAM 3 (David Williams) Eastern & Western

What happened at the Council of Constantinople in 381?

Christianity was divided into five geographical provinces

Who were these five geographical provinces under the authority of?

the Christian leadership of an important city—Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem

What were the divided provinces known as?

a patriarchate

What were the Christian leaders of these provinces known as?

a patriarch, "father"

What was the alternate word for patriarch in Rome?

bishop

What does bishop mean?

Overseer

Which Roman emperor did the roman empire split into east and west under?

Diocletian

What parts were the Roman Empire divided into under Diocletian?

eastern and western

Which areas were apart of the eastern part of the empire?

Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem

Which areas were apart of the western part of the empire?

Rome

What were the roots of the split or division

the unevenness of having only a single Christian authority in one part of the Roman Empire but four authorities in the other part.

What did christians in the east use that Christians in the west did not?

- used icons, or two-dimensional portrayals of Jesus, Mary, and the disciples

- used latin as the language for worship

What did christians in the west use that Christians in the east did not?

- used three-dimensional statues

- used greek as the language for worship

What happened when patriarch of Constantinople and the bishop in Rome excommunicated each other?

This "Great Schism" split Christianity into a Roman Catholic Church and an Eastern Orthodox Church.

Roman Catholic teaching on salvation

two steps (modes of grace)

- faith (motivated by prevenient grace)

- works (motivated by cooperating grace)

What is prevenient grace

initial grace

(directs a person toward faith)

- humans are in a weakened state, called "original sin," (because ofAdam) making it impossible for us to seek God on our own.

In Roman Catholicism how do we get forgiveness from original sin?

getting baptized

- Someone who is baptized is immediately granted forgiveness by God (from both original sin and actual sins)

What is cooperating grace

- way for baptized believers to do good works to offset post-baptismal sins

What are holy acts called?

sacraments

How many sacraments are there in Roman Catholicism?

seven

What revolution split apart Roman Catholicism?

Protestant Reformation

Who was Martin Luther?

Head of Protestant reformation

What was Luthers conclusion that was different that Catholicism?

that Paul thought that salvation comes through faith alone

What is "justification by faith?"

Martin Luthers Ideas that God extends mercy to believers through faith alone (penance was unnecessary and wrong)

What is the "ninety-five theses?"

A list of ninety-five issues that he wanted Catholic scholars to debate

- posted on a castle door in Germany

Who was unhappy with Martin Luthers ninety-five theses?

Pope Leo X

What did Pope Leo X demand Martin Luther do about his ninety-five theses?

Either recant his positions or be excommunicated

When is it said that Protestantism was born?

When Luther publicly burned the documents

What was Catholicisms response to the protestant reformation?

The counter-reformation

What was the beginning of the Counter-reformation?

Council of Trent

What did the Council of Trent do?

responded to the reformers through a forceful reassertion of standard Catholic teachings and practices

What did John XXIII want to do once he became Pope (1958)?

sought to modernize Roman Catholicism

- held a council from 1962 to 1965 (Vatican II)

What did John XXIIIs Vatican II council achieve?

included Eastern Orthodox and Protestants being accepted as "true Christians"

How many Christians are there in the world?

2.2 billion

What percentage of people worldwide are Christian?

one-in-three (32%)

What percent of Christians are Catholic worldwide?

half (50%)

What percent of Christians are Orthodox worldwide?

12%

What percent of Christian in the US are protestant?

49%

What percent of Christian in the US are Catholic?

23%