Lecture 19 - Alkanes and Alkenes

A collection of flashcards to review key concepts from Lecture 19 on Alkanes and Alkenes, focusing on hybridization, properties of alkanes, and functional groups.

What does hybridization explain in chemistry?

It explains how atomic orbitals mix to form new orbitals during bonding.

What is a hybrid orbital?

A new orbital formed from the mixing of atomic orbitals.

What is the bond angle of sp hybridization?

180°.

What is the shape and bond angle of sp² hybridization?

Trigonal planar with a bond angle of 120°.

What molecular shape is associated with sp³ hybridization?

Tetrahedral with a bond angle of 109.5°.

What hybridization involves five orbitals including one d orbital?

sp³d hybridization, which results in a trigonal bipyramidal shape.

What is the general hybridization for alkanes?

sp³ hybridization.

What is produced when short-chain alkanes react with oxygen?

CO2 and H2O.

What are two properties of alkanes?

Chemically inert and held together by dispersion forces.

What happens to the boiling point as the size of the alkane molecule increases?

The boiling point increases.

How do branching in alkanes affect their melting and boiling points?

Branching lowers the melting and boiling points.

What functional group does '-ol' indicate?

Alcohol.

What is the suffix used for aldehydes?

-al.

What are the common names for structures with the formula 'C-O-C'?

Ethers.

What suffix is used for carboxylic acids?

-oic acid.

What is the common feature of amines in terms of nomenclature?

They use the prefix 'Amino-' or the suffix '-amine'.

What type of bond does a double bond consist of?

One σ bond and one π bond.

What is the hybridization and geometry of a molecule with 4 sp³ hybrid orbitals?

Tetrahedral geometry.