progressive era

Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region. Rapid industrial growth led to crowded cities, poor working conditions, and a gap between rich and poor.

Political Corruption

Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery. Many politicians were controlled by business interests and political machines, leading to corruption and unfair policies.

Social Problems

Issues such as child labor, unsafe working conditions, and poor sanitation that push reformers to demand change.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections.

Muckrakers

Journalists who investigated and reported on corruption and social injustices.

Trust-Busting

Efforts by presidents like Theodore Roosevelt to break up large monopolies and regulate business practices.

Antitrust Laws

Laws passed to break up monopolies and promote competition.

Settlement Houses

Community centers in urban areas that provided education, childcare, and other services to immigrants and the poor.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States; known for his 'Square Deal' policies, trust-busting, and conservation efforts.

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators by the public, instead of by state legislatures.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote.

Labor Reforms

Laws to improve working conditions, reduce work hours, and stop child labor.

Health and Safety Regulations

Acts like the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ensured products were safe for consumers.

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago, and a leader in social work and community improvement.

Ida Tarbell

A journalist (muckraker) who exposed the unfair practices of the Standard Oil Company.

Upton Sinclair

Author of 'The Jungle,' a novel that revealed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and led to food safety reforms.

16th Amendment

Gave Congress the power to collect income tax from any source.

Corruption

Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.

Policies

A set of plans or actions agreed on by a government, political party, business, or other group.

Corporations

A large company or group of companies authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law.

Negotiate

To discuss something formally in order to reach an agreement.

Advocate

A person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy.

assassination

The act of killing someone, especially a politically important person, in a sudden and violent way.

advocating

Publicly supporting or recommending a particular cause or policy.

Direct Democracy

Introduction of reforms like the initiative, referendum, and recall to give citizens more control

Direct Election of Senators

The 17th Amendment allowed Americans to vote directly for their senators

Women’s Suffrage

The fight for women’s right to vote culminated in the 19th Amendment, which was ratified in 1920.

Environmental and Conservation Efforts

Leaders like Theodore Roosevelt promoted conservation of natural resources

Woodrow Wilson

President during World War I who supported reforms like the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Trade Commission

Trust

A large business organization that attempted to eliminate competition

Amendments

Changes to the U.S. Constitution, such as the 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators) and the 19th Amendment (women’s suffrage).

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcohol. This amendment was ratified in 1919 and was repealed by the 21st Amendment.

Main goals and reforms

government reforms, business regulations, social welfare

what happened in the 1890s

Beginning of the Progressive Era. Social problems due to rapid industrialization and urban growth become more visible

what happen in the 1901–1909

Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency; trust-busting and conservation efforts are at their peak

what happen in 1906

Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

what happen in 1913

Ratification of the 16th Amendment (income tax) and the 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators).

what happen in 1920

Ratification of the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote.

examples of rapid industrialization and what effects it had

Rapid industrialization led to urbanization, increased factory jobs, and significant economic growth, but also resulted in poor working conditions, child labor, and environmental pollution.

examples of Progressive reformers and what they advocated for

example of government involvement of problems relating to rapid industrialization

problems included monopolies which limited competition and ruined small businesses — the government helped create anti-trust laws like the Sherman antitrust law which destroyed monopolies **

examples of muckrakers that worked to expose the corruption and mismanagement of monopolies

Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, exposing the unsanitary and dangerous conditions in the meatpacking industry, which was controlled by monopolies. His work led to food safety laws. Ida Tarbell wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904), exposing how Rockefeller’s company used unfair methods to dominate the oil industry. This helped break up Standard Oil.

progressive reforms that only benefited a certain amount of people, not all.

the 19th amendment (racism), child labor laws didnt work everywhere (agriculture), labor unions(racism n only industrial), still jim crow laws, housing

examples of varying perspectives between African American progressive leaders for equality and justice

Booker Wash. believed that Black Americans should focus on industrial training to prove their worthiness for equality(economic success and self-reliance). W.E.B. Du Bois believed that immediate political and civil rights were necessary for Black Americans to achieve equality.

Initiative, Referendum, and Recall

Allowed people to propose new laws. Let people vote to approve or reject laws passed by the government. Gave people the power to remove elected officials from office before their term was over if they were not doing a good job.