G.I Tract Part 2

Define absorption

process of moving nutrients from the GI environment into the internal “body” environment. Occurs via active transport and diffusion

Define Digestion

process of breaking down foods into their basic parts

Define anorexia

lack or loss of appetite for food

Define nausea. Define vomiting.

•Nausea-diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort

•Vomiting-forceful ejection of stomach contents through mouth

Define Dysphagia.

difficulty swallowing

The lower esophageal sphincter that fails to relax and allow food into the stomach...food backs up into the esophagus…is the?

Achalasia

What describes the dilated pouch or sac in the esophagus that may retain food?

Esophageal diverticulum (Zenker’s)

Name 2 types of esophageal cancer:

squamous cell & adenocarcinoma

Name 2 facts about squamous cells

•Associated with tobacco and ETOH abuse

•Males and females are affected equally, with most persons between ages 60 and 70 years of age

Name 2 facts about adenocarcinoma

•Men more common than women

•Tobacco use, GERD, and Barrett’s esophagus

Define GERD

•Backward movement of food particles or gastric content into the esophagus causing heartburn

•Persistent reflux can cause damage to the esophageal lining, inflammation (esophagitis), and scarring…scarring can lead to a stricture or narrowing…known as Barrett’s Esophagus

Define acute gastritis and what it’s caused by:

•Temporary inflammation of gastric mucosa

•May be caused by bacteria such as staph, aspirin or NSAIDS that inhibit prostaglandins, or alcohol

Define chronic gastritis and what it’s caused by:

•Chronic inflammatory changes in the stomach mucosa, which can lead to atrophy of the stomach epithelium

•Caused by helicobacter pylori bacteria that also leads to ulcers that may cause severe inflammation

Describe the Hiatal Hernia

•Part of the stomach pushes up through the opening of the diaphragm and protrudes through the thoracic cavity

Define peptic ulcers

•An inflammatory erosion in the stomach or duodenal lining causing ulceration

Duodenal ulcers are mainly composed of 3 things:

H. pylori, ASA, and NSAID use

S/S of stomach cancer

• abdominal mass, weight loss, decreased appetite, vague pain

Treatment of stomach cancer is:

surgery, chemo, and radiation

Name 4 disorders of the small intestine

Hernia, gastroenteritis, celiac disease, & small bowel obstruction

Name the 7 types of hernias:

•Umbilical-at umbilicus

•Inguinal-most common, seen more in males

•Obturator-seen more in females

•Femoral & Incisional

incarcerated or strangulated requires immediate surgery

What’s a Hypersensitivity reaction to gluten, a by-product of wheat, barley, and rye

celiac disease

Name 2 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

•Crohn’s Disease

•Ulcerative Colitis

Describe Chron’s disease

•Chronic, recurrent inflammation of the small intestine, usually the terminal ileum and ascending right colon/ seen in women 15-30 / Consists of “skipped lesions” / •Intestine will have a “cobblestone” appearance from inflammation/ among genetic & Caucasians’

What’s the Tx for Crohn's disease?

bowel rest, high calorie low fiber diet, hydration

Ulcerative Colitis is an inflammatory disease of the ______.

colon

With ulcerative coliits, _______ accumulate in the wall with increased B cells and plasma cells.

Cytotoxic T cells