Slide Deck 1: Intro to Hematopathology and Hematologic Neoplasms

what are the confirmatory tests important for diagnosing for hematologic neoplasms?

1. bone marrow with cytochemical and Wright stains

2. flow cytometric analysis

3. molecular analysis

4. cytogenetic studies

neoplasm

new, abnormal growth of cells (tumors); arises as a result of dysregulated proliferation

clonal origin

derived from a single cell (“cancer initiatin cell”); can be a stem cell or other progenitor cell

genetic mutation source

somatic and acquired; can be single mutations or more typically multiple

characteristics of neoplastic cells

1. changes decrease dependence on external growth factors

2. unlimited self-renewal capacity

3. qualitatively different and quantity of cells can be altered

4. can be malignant

5. can be benign

what do mutations alter in neoplasms?

protooncogenes (switch them to oncogenes)

tumor suppressor genes (delete them)

how are the role of protooncogenes changed in neoplastic disorders?

they direct cellular function, but when altered into oncogenes their functions change and different proteins are produced

what are symptoms of hematopoietic neoplasms?

• fatigue, fever, bleeding

• maturation stops

• increase in neoplastic cells

• decrease in normal cells

• decreased RBC, platelets, and normal WBC in CBC

classification characteristics of hematologic disorders

1. qualitative or quantitative (basis)

2. origin (inherited or acquired)

3. progression (acute or chronic)

4. neoplastic v. non neoplastic

5. cell lineage

what are the four categories of the informal system for Neoplastic Hematologic disorders?

1. acute leukemias (AL)

2. myeloproliferative disorders (MPD)

3. myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)

4. lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD)

Acute Leukemias (AL)

• malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic cells

• immature cells predominate (blasts and stem cells)

• blasts possibly even in PB

• can be myleoid or lymphoid

Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD, MPN)

• hematopoietic precursors

• not clearly malignant

• can transform

• increase of RBC, WBC, platelets in PB

• one cell line dominates

• cels are moderately immature (WBC)

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

• dysplasia

• PB cytopenias

• prominent maturation abnormalities

• can transform into AL

Lymphoproliferative Disorders (LPD)

• neoplasms of lymphoid tissue

• includes some chronic leukemias

• may or may not originate in BM

• can be lymphoma or leukemia