HDFS 310

Parenting Goals

Provide warmth, safety, structure, guidance, and support independence and emotional development

Diana Baumrind

Researcher who developed the four parenting styles

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Emphasized how environment and context influence child development

Erik Erikson

Developed stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan

Transactional Parenting

A bidirectional relationship where parents and children influence each other over time

Communication in Parenting

Process that builds trust, supports development, and guides behavior

Emotion Coaching

Helping children recognize, label, and manage their emotions

Power Assertion

Use of punishment or control to enforce rules

Induction

Explaining reasons for rules and encouraging empathy; leads to better long-term outcomes

Authoritative Parenting

High warmth and high control; leads to best outcomes

Authoritarian Parenting

Low warmth and high control; leads to obedience but lower self-esteem

Permissive Parenting

High warmth and low control; leads to poor self-regulation

Neglectful Parenting

Low warmth and low control; leads to worst outcomes

Goodness of Fit

Match between child temperament and parenting style

Family Education Programs

Programs that teach parenting skills and prevent developmental problems

Factors Influencing Parenting

Culture, SES, stress, mental health, family structure, and child temperament

Fontanels

Soft spots on an infant's skull that allow for brain growth

Mongolian Spots

Bluish skin markings common in some infants; harmless

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson stage where infants learn if caregivers are reliable

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget stage where infants learn through senses and actions

Sensitive Periods

Times when the brain is especially responsive to learning

Reflexes

Automatic infant responses such as rooting, sucking, Moro, and grasp

Motherese

High-pitched, exaggerated speech used with infants

Attachment

Emotional bond between infant and caregiver

Temperament

Innate personality style (easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up)

Breastfeeding Considerations

Include health benefits, challenges, cultural beliefs, and lifestyle factors

SIDS Prevention

Back sleeping, firm mattress, and no loose bedding

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Erikson stage where toddlers develop independence

Growth Curve

Chart used to track child growth over time

Parten's Stages of Play

Solitary, parallel, associative, and cooperative play

Synaptic Growth

Increase in neural connections in the brain

Myelination

Process that speeds up neural communication

Pruning

Elimination of unused neural connections

Brain Specialization

Brain areas become specialized for certain functions

Receptive Language

Ability to understand language

Expressive Language

Ability to produce speech

Literacy-Rich Environment

Environment with books, talking, and reading to support language development

Behavior as Communication

Toddlers use behavior to express needs due to limited language

Self-Regulation

Ability to control emotions and behavior

Tantrums

Emotional outbursts due to frustration and limited communication

Time-Out

Brief removal from situation to manage behavior

Time-In

Staying with child to help them calm down

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson stage where children take initiative in activities

Preoperational Stage

Piaget stage with symbolic thinking but limited logic

Magical Thinking

Belief that thoughts can cause events

Theory of Mind

Understanding that others have different thoughts and feelings

Inferential Language

Understanding meaning beyond literal words

Executive Function

Skills like planning, attention, and self-control

Self-Concept

How children see themselves

Self-Esteem

How children feel about themselves

Moral Development (Preschool)

Based on consequences and beginning understanding of intentions

Lying (Preschool)

Normal behavior linked to imagination and avoiding punishment

Social Learning Theory

Children learn gender roles through observation and imitation

Cognitive Developmental Theory

Children actively construct understanding of gender

Inferential Fears

Fears based on imagination such as monsters or the dark

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson stage focused on competence and achievement

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget stage with logical thinking about concrete objects

Conservation

Understanding that quantity stays the same despite appearance

Classification

Ability to group objects by characteristics

Pragmatics

Social use of language

School Readiness

Preparedness for school including cognitive, social, and emotional skills

Learning Disabilities

Difficulties in specific academic areas

ADHD

Disorder involving attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity

Relational Aggression

Harm through social exclusion or rumors

Moral Reasoning

Understanding right and wrong and fairness

Empathy

Ability to understand others' feelings

Co-Regulation

Parent supports child in managing emotions until independence develops

Alignment of Temperament and Expectations

Match between child traits and parent expectations affects success

Public Policy (School Readiness)

Programs that support early education and family resources