Organic Chemistry I Chapter 1

organic compounds contain

Carbon atoms

constitutional isomers

same molecular formula, different structures

oxygen forms _____ bonds

2

carbon forms forms _____ bonds

4

nitrogen forms _____ bonds

3

hydrogen and halogens forms _____ bonds

1

nucleus

contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons

electron gloud

composed of negatively charged electrons

atomic number

number of protons

mass number

#protons + #neutrons in the nucleus

atomic weight

a particular element is the weighted average of the massof all its isotopes reported in atomic mass unit

isotopes

two atoms of the same element having a different numberof neutrons

cation

positively charged and has fewer electrons than protons

anion

negatively charged and has more electrons than protons

quarks

indivisible elementary particles (protons + neutrons)

gluon

The force carrying-particle responsible for the strong nuclear force, which holds quarks together (protons+neutrons).

net charge

# of protons - # of electrons

ions

+ or - charged atoms

• atoms become ions by gaining or losing electrons

covalent bond

PAIR of electrons shared between two atoms; where electronegativity difference is less than 0.5

electronegativity

how stronglyan atom attracts shared electrons

polar covalent bond

electrons shared between twoatoms with electronegativity difference between 0.5-1.7

ionic bond

electrons are not really shared; the twoatoms differ in electronegativity by > 1.7, and so the moreelectronegative atom owns the electrons.

polar molecules mix well with

other polar molecules

nonpolar molecules mix well with

other nonpolar molecules