Human Bio Quiz #3

Tasaday

;Gentle People’; tribe with no words for violence, aggression, or conflict; turned out to be a fraud

aggression

intentional behavior aimed at causing either physical or emotional pain

hostile (emotional) aggression

act of aggression stemming from a feeling of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

instrumental aggression

intention to hurt someone as a means to a goal other than causing pain

forms of aggression

direct and indirect

home range

an area where an individual limits itself; lacks the agonistic behavior requisite to territoriality

territory

an actively defended home range; exclusive use of area; site attachment; agonistic behavior

transition to agriculture started…

about 10,000 years ago/5% of human history

kin selection

evolutionary theory that individuals bias positive behaviors towards relatives to enhance their own fitness

nepotism

favoritism directed towards relatives; regardless of merit

hamilton’s rule

relatedness measures the probability of genes shared with a relative; provide help if benefits(relatedness) > cost

group selection theory

natural selection acted on groups; individuals could restrain consumption and reproduction for the good of the community (Vero Wynne-Edwards)

social norms

standards of behavior for given situations that are enforced by group members

public goods games

people secretly decide whether or not to contribute to a public pot; pot is divided evenly to all participants, whether or not they contributed

third party punishment

like the dictator game, but a third party can impose a punishment based on the dictator’s endowment

ecological niche

the role and position that a species has in the environment or ecosystem

competitive exclusion principle

no two species can occupy the exact same niche

fundamental niche

the full range of environments that a species could inhabit

realized niche

set of conditions actually used by an animal (population or species)

neanderthals may have overlapped with modern humans for about…

5,000 years

ecological intelligence hypothesis

cognitive abilities, like spatial memory and decision-making, evolve to meet the demands of a species’ environment, particularly foraging for food

social intelligence hypothesis

complex social interactions were the main driving force between the evolution of larger brains and enhanced intelligence in primates and humans

expensive tissue hypothesis

cost of relatively big brains compensated by reduction in size of other expensive organs

machiavellian intelligence hypothesis

complex intelligence evolved primarily to navigate and manipulate social relationships, rather than for physical problem-solving

social brain hypothesis

the evolution of large brains in primates, particularly in humans, is driven by the cognitive demands of maintaining complex social relationships

dunbar’s number

as brain size increases, so does group size; human group size as predicted by dunbar’s model is about 150

triadic awareness

an individual’s awareness of some quality fo the social relationship between two other individuals

theory of mind

the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have different perspectives and beliefs than one’s own

phylogenetics

study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms

negative assortive mating

choosing a partner that is phenotypically different

positive assortive mating

choosing a partner that is phenotypically similar to (can lead to inbreeding depression)

epigenetic

study of how changes (inside and outside of the body) influence gene expression

human sociobiology

application of natural selection to social behavior

behavioral ecology

determine how individual behavior is shaped by the environment

FOXP2

gene involved in speech

archeology

study of human activity in the past, particularly through material culture and environmental data that has been left behind

paleoanthropology

the study of the fossil record for humankind and relatives

obstetrical dilemma

pelvis size and shape constrained by bipedalism

homo habilis

• 2.3-1.4 mya

• larger brain and flatter face than australipiths

• small, autralipith like body

homo erectus

• 1.89 mya - 143,000 ya

• shorter arms and longer legs

• modern feet and first to leave africa

• smaller teeth and larger brain

neanderthals

about 400,000 - 40,000 ya

female reproductive potential is limited by…

access to food

male reproductive potential is limited by…

access to mates

inbreeding avoidance hypothesis

one or both sexes disperses at sexual maturity to avoid inbreeding

polyandry

one female, multiple males

polygyny

one male, multiple females

intra-sexual

within one sex

inter-sexual

between the sexes