Biology - Chapter 23: Diversity of Microbial Life: Archaea, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

microorganisms (microbes)

microorganisms (microbes)

Organisms so small they can only be seen with a microscope

Archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

extremophile

Archaea that live in extreme environments.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae).

nitrogen fixation

Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

unicells

single celled bodies

bacterial colonies

Group of bacteria held together with mucilage

bacterial filaments

cells attached end to end

Proteobacteria

Ancient bacteria that had evolved into the mitochondria

binary fission

Bacterial asexual reproduction

akinetes

Large thick-walled, food filled cells used in dormant state

endospores

A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions protecting DNA and other nutrients

thylakoids

Tubular membranes that grow inward from the plasma membrane

magnetosomes

Tiny mineral crystals surrounded by membrane allowing cells to orient themselves according to Earth's magnetic field

cocci

spherical bacteria

bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

vibrios

comma shaped bacteria

spirochaetes

Flexible, spiral-shaped prokaryotic cells

spirilli

spiral shaped bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria that have simple cell walls with much peptidoglycan.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides. Penicillin resitant

autotrophs

Organisms able to make their own food using inorganic materials

heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain food from other sources of organic material

obligate aerobes

require oxygen

obligate anaerobes

poisoned by oxygen

aerotolerant anaerobes

do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence (not poisoned)

facultative anaerobes

can survive with or without oxygen

algae

Plantlike protists

protozoa

animal-like protists

fungus-like protist

a protist that obtains its food from dead organic matter or from the body of another organism

flagellates

swim using eukaryotic flagella

ciliates

uses cilia to move

amoebae

move by means of pseudopodia

pseudopodia

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

planktonic protists

swim or float in fresh or salt water; microscopic and can cause red tides

periphytic protists

attach themselves to underwater surfaces like rocks, sand, and plants

seaweeds (macroalgae)

large photosynthetic protists that usually grow attached to underwater surfaces

Primary plastids

a plastid that originated from a prokaryote as the result of primary endosymbiosis

Secondary plastids

Host cell acquires a eukaryotic endosymbiont that contains one or more primary plastids

Tertiary plastids

Acquiring a eukaryotic endosymbiont that possess secondary plastids

chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

absorptive nutrition

method by which fungi absorb small organic molecules from their surroundings

hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

mycelium

densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

fruiting body

The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many hyphae and produces spores

asexual reproduction

allows fungi to spread RAPIDLY

conidia

asexual spores

sexual reproduction

alternation between haploid and diploid states for fungi

haploid-dominant life cycle

fungi lifecycle shows that most of their life is spent in a haploid state

symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

mutualism

both organisms' benefit