APHUG Unit 2 Vocab

Physical Factors

Physical factors affect population distribution because they limit where humans can establish permanent settlements. Some of those factors include altitude and latitude, land forms, climate, and soil condition.

Human Factors

These factors are economic, cultural, historical, and political

Arithmetic Density

basic calculation of total number of people living in a particular geographical area of land. Also known as **real density.**

Physiological Density

calculation of total number of people in a particular geographical area of arable land.

Agricultural Density

calculation of farmers (or farming units) in a particular geographical area of **arable land,** (basically farmland capable of growing crops or raising animals for food)

Population Distribution

the pattern of where the people live

Carrying Capacity

refers to the maximum number of people who can be realistically sustained by the geography of that area.

Age Structure

The composition of a population in terms of the proportions of individuals of different ages; represented as a bar graph with younger ages at the bottom and males and females on either side

Sex Ratio

the number of males per one hundred females in the population.

Population Pyramid

a bar graph that represents the distribution of the population by sex and age.

Fertility

another word for birth or the ability to give birth

Mortality

another word for death

Migration

the physical movement of people from one place to another;

Rate of Natural Increase

It is equal to the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.

Doubling Time

the amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

a tool demographers use to categorize countries' population growth rates and economic structures. The model analyzes birth rates, death rates, and total population trends in a society at a given point of time.

Matlhusian Theory (Thomas Malthus)

suggested that the world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

describes changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

1 Most migrants move only a short distance.

2 Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas.

3 Females are more migratory than males.

4 Economic factors are the main cause of migration

5 Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry.

Life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

Dependency ratio

the percentage of people within a population who are either too young or too old to work and must therefore be supported by the labor of working adults within that population.

Crude Birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death rate (CDR)

total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Push factors

factors that motivate someone to leave a place

Pull factors

factors that motivate someone to enter a place

Intervening obstacles

an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.

Intervening opportunities

a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one.

Forced migration

refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region

Refugees

people who must leave their home area for their own safety or survival

IDP (internally displaced persons)

Someone Who Has Been Forced To Migrate For Similar Political Reasons As A Refugee But Has Not Crossed An International Border

Transhumance

the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures.

Chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Step migration

This type of gradual migration, from farm to village to town to big city

Guest worker

foreign national who is permitted to live and work temporarily in a host country.

Rural - to - urban

the movement of people (typically farmers) from rural settlements to urban center in search of jobs

transnational migration

Transnational migration is then defined as “a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

Total Fertility Rate

an estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years

Infant Mortality Rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Pro-natalist policies

policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area.

Anti-natalist policies

policies designed to keep or prevent people from having kids or more kids. Basically designed to decrease the birth rate and fertility rate

Brain Drain

the large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge.