APWH FALL FINAL STUDY GUIDE

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Daoism/Taoism

A Chinese philosophy where people practice humility, lead a simple life and have harmony with nature

Historical Developments of Song China

• became increasingly commercialized

• economy flourished from trade networks, and innovations

Changes caused by Trans-Saharan Trade

-lead to political structures, new states, empires, city-states (bc of incentives and resources)

-new and larger center of commerce

-cross cultural interaction

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Axum Kingdom

In Ethiopia, displaced Kush, became Christian, participated in ocean trade. Had famous buildings and huge stone obelisks.

What was so special about the Maya?

• had substantial urban centers with a good amount of populations and monumental architecture

• they drained swamps, terraced hillsides, flattened ridge tops, and constructed an elaborate water management system.

Appeals of Buddhism

• Han dynasty collapsed

• Commoners felt included

China's influence on Japan

language/writing system

-religion(Shinto)

-government(imperial court)

-architecture (elaborate temples)

Great Zimbabwe's growth

-grew because of increase in gold trade

-wealth from large herds of cattle

-resources and labor power allowed for construction of stone enclosures

China's influence on Korea

• China established a tribute relationship with Korea

• Korean customs were discouraged from Confucianism

• Maintained a stronger bureaucratic office than the Chinese

Feudalism

A system of government based on landowners and tenants. Widespread in Japan in this era

China's influence on Vietnam

• Confucian practices

• Introduced the Chinese-style irrigated agriculture

• Still had a distinctive language

Dynasty

The Song was one of the top _________. These existed in China far before 1200. It was a family that would rule.

Hinduism

The earliest know religion, dating back 4,000 years. Developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms. Very influential in South Asia

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. Very influential in East and South East Asia

Animism/Polytheism/Shamanism

Popular amongst hunter-gathers. Earliest forms of religion. sees gods in nature.

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Islam

A religion which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran.

Dar al-Islam

The "house of Islam," a term for the Islamic world.

Caliphate

An Islamic empire. It was ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

Syncretism

a blending of different beliefs and practices into on culture/religion/etc.

Silk Roads

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Indian Ocean Trade

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

Trans-Saharan Trade

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

West African Kingdoms

Ghana, Mali, Songhai. Center of Gold and Salt trade. Mansa Musa: Famous ruler of Mali

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, after the Emperor Constantine.

Ethiopia

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa.

Mongols

Central Asian nomadic peoples who, when united, ended up creating the largest single land empire in history; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph.

Black Death/Bubonic Plague

disease brought to Europe by the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population. Helped end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Mayan States

A civilization centered in Mesoamerica with many mathematical advancements, written language, impressive architecture, and a complex social system.

Coerced Labor

forced labor systems (slavery, indentured servitude, debt peonage)

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Zheng He

(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer under the Ming Dynasty who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

Fertile Crescent

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

Teotihuacan

A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.

Jatis

"sub-castes"; the castes were divided into hundreds of these; usually linked with a certain occupation; unchangeable, you had to be in that group for the rest of your life

Bantu

A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.

Timbuktu

Trading city on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. As part of the Mali empire, this city became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.

Umayyad Dynasty

The first Islamic Dynasty after Muhammad's death. It was based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates. Continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China in the East. Fell apart in 750 CE due to internal tensions.

Holy Roman Empire

A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Genghis (Chinggis) Khan

Founder and supreme leader of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death, consisting of several Eurasian societies. He used battle tactics, psychological warfare, and foreign weapons to conquer land easily. He ruled his territory fairly, protecting the Silk Roads.

Swahili language

Blend of Bantu and Arabic

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China introduced Europeans to Chinese culture.

Hangzhou

City in China known for its prosperity in trade and center of culture; visited by Marco Polo

Astrolabe

makes astronomical measurements such as calculating the latitude

Zen Buddhism

Also known as Chan Buddhism. It is a blend of Buddhism and Daoism which gained popularity among the common class in China.

Islam spread

This happened with the help of merchants, numerous conquests, and missionaries.

magnetic compass

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

Stern Rudder

Gave ships more stability and made them easier to maneuver.

Champa Rice

a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that China got from Vietnam

deforestation and soil erosion

Two types of overuse of farmland that reduces agricultural production.

Neo-Confucianism

This was a syncretic faith that had abstract ideas and rational thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism.

Margery Kempe

English Christian mystic, Her book chronicles her domestic tribulations, her extensive pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and the Holy Land, as well as her mystical conversations with God.

Serfs

A peasant who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

Magna Carta

A document signed by King John in 1215 (Norman England) that required the king to respect certain rights, such as the right to a jury trial before a noble could be sentenced to prison.

Great Schism

In 1054, the Christian Church in Europe split into the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church.

Little Ice Age

A five-century cooling of the climate that hampered urban growth after about 1300.

Antisemitism

Anti-Jewish sentiment. Widespread among Christians. Many thought of Jews as outsiders and untrustworthy.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Centralization

concentration of power at the top of an organization

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Calicut

Great spice port on west coast of India

Constantinople

the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an event

that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.

Aztecs

Major state that developed in what is

now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth

centuries; dominated by the semi-nomadic

Mexica, who had migrated into the region from

northern Mexico

European Renaissance

A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in

art, as well as growing secularism in society.

Inca

The Western Hemisphere's largest

imperial state in the fifteenth and early sixteenth

centuries; built by a relatively small community

of Quechua-speaking people, the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains, which run nearly the entire length of the west coast of South America, and contained perhaps 10 million subjects.

Malacca

Muslim port city that came to prominence

on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya

in the fifteenth century C.E.; it was the

springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of

Islam throughout the region

Ming

Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that

succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols;