Language - studies

Who’s research summarises the timeline of lanuage and speech development?

Kuhl (2004)

• young children learn their native lange rapidly and effortlessly, babbling at 6 months to full sentences by 3 years

Who’s research descibres the references problem with word mapping?

Quine (1960)

• if point at a rabbit and say the word gavagai

  • is that the ears, the fluffiness, the jumping, the grass

• mapping problem is a particular challenge for non-nouns and for words that represent more abstract concepts

What research explores the looking while listening paradigm?

Bergelson and Swingley (2012)

• child shown a ball and an apple

• monitor eye movements as children hear lanuage and view objects/events

• can help determine what they know

What research provides evidence for the whole object bias?

Hollich et al (2007)

• 12 and 19 months shown obcts made of 2 parts

• training: shown base and part

• test: looking preference when hear the label

• looks longer at the whole object ‘modi’

What research provides evidence for the taxonomic bias?

Markman and Hutchinson (1984)

• child shown a ‘fep’ - picture of dog

• asked to find another fep and shown a cat and a bone

• 3 yrs - more likely to choose taxonomically related

Who argues against Markman and Hutchinsons evidence for the taxnomic bias?

Baldwin (1992)

• argues whether evidence supports taxonomic constraint or shape bias

What research provides evidence for and explains the basic level bias?

Rosch et al (1976)

What research provides evidence for mutual exclusivity?

Markman and Watchel (1988)

• shown an object they know the name of and an unknown object

• ask wheres the dax

• pick the object they don’t know

• if familiar - dras inference that the dorsal fin must represent a characteristic on the animal

  • shows that constraints interact as kids can use mutual exclusivity to override the whole object bias

Who provides evidence for fast mapping showing a fast refined process of learning?

Carey and Bartlett (1978)

• 3 year olds

• ask ‘can you get me that chromium tray? Not the blue one the chromium one’

• learn the new one due to mutual exlcusivity therefore shows how this can lead to fast learning of words

• good controls:

  • accustoming the children to non-focal colours in order to conclude that the choosing was not due to a tendency to pick the ‘odd’ coloured tray

Who argues that fast mapping is transient for lexical retention?

Horst and Samuelson (2008)

• when a 5 minute delay was added to the referent selection task retention was poor

• maybe this isn’t actually that involved in learning of words - repetition probably more important

Who provides evidence for focus of attention being main assistance in word mapping?

Baldwin (1993)

• picture (can u see it?)

Who provides evidence for identification of speakers intention influencing acquisition of language?

Akhtar, Carpenter and Tomasello (1996)

Who suggested a problem with Akhtar… account due to knowldge of words?

Bergelson and Swingley (2012)

• eye movement data for knowldge of words

• suggests that 6 months already have knowledge before joint attention and intention reading in place

• mutual exclusivity?

Who provides evidence for social interaction due to culture????

Kuhl et al (2003)

• 9-10 month American infants

• 3 conditions:

  • mandarin speaking visitor 12 × 25 min sessions in which read book, play toys etc

  • mandarin TV

  • mandarin audio

• sensitivity to Mandarin phenome was high in visitor condition similar to 10 month old Chinese infants whereas no different from no exposure American infants for AV and V conditions

• learning process doesn’t requier long term listening and enhanced by social interaction

Evidence for gaze folowing correlation with lnaguage progression?

Brooks and Meltzoff (2005)

• Infants (N = 96) watched as an adult turned her head toward a target with either open or closed eyes. The 10- and 11-month-olds followed adult turns significantly more often in the open-eyes than the closed-eyes condition, but the 9-month-olds did not respond differentially.

  · strong positive correlation between gaze-following behavior at 10–11 months and subsequent language scores at 18 months.

  o Can this be used as evidence for social pragmatics? What’s the counter-argument?

  • intention reading predicts better language skills at 18 months

  • social pragmatics direct attention to make associate learning more efficient

Who provided evidence for associative learning with cross situation learning experiment?

Smith and Yu (2008)

• 12-14 month olds, 4 min experiment

• see a series of objects in pairs accompanied by a word

• asked what the star is called for example

• sesnitive to pairings across contexts and instances

Who argued against social pragmatic account by altering evidence to suggest salience is the most important?

Samuelson and Smith (1998)

Who argued against Samuelson and Smith to reinforce involvement of socio pragmatics by again altering the experiment?

Disendruck et al (2004)

• argued that in Samuelson and Smith by introducing 4th object in new way it inadvertently tells the child that this object is special to adults hence chosen