PLT Exam

Bloom’s Taxonomy

Ranges from remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, to creating

What is the least restrictive environment?

Legal requirement under IDEA stating that students with disabilities must be educated alongside peers without disabilities to the maximum extent appropriate

Mastery teaching

An educational approach where students must achieve a high level of competence before moving onto new material

Schema Training

Techniques designed to alter or build mental frameworks (schemas) that individuals use to interpret information

Grade Equivalent Score

Means a student has performed as is typical for a student of that level, represented by Grade:Month

Percentile Rank

A percentile rank is a measure ranging from 1 to 99. A 75th percentile rank means an individual performed as well as or better than 75% of the group.

Raw vs. Composite Score

Raw scores are the total number of correct answers on an exam while composite scores are the final, averaged, and scaled scores

Kholberg’s stages of development 

Moral reasoning matures through preconventional morality focused on the self, conventional which focuses on maintaining societal norms, and post conventional morality focusing on abstract thought/ideas

Zone of Proximal Development

The range of tasks a learner cannot yet do independently but can accomplish with guidance

Constructivism

A learning theory where individuals actively construct knowledge through experience and social interaction

Behaviorism

Focuses on observable behaviors arguing that all actions are learned through interaction with the environment

Social learning theory

Made by Bandura, says that behaviors are learned through observing people

Cognitivism

Focuses on internal mental processes like memory and thinking, actively processing information

Vygotsky

Said that social interaction, culture, and language are fundamental to cognitive development

Piaget

Said that there are 4 stages for mental development where children actively absorb knowledge - Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Preoperational (2-7 years), Concrete Operational (7-11 years), and Formal Operational (12+ years)

Maslow

Physiological need, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Equal Access Laws

Requires public secondary schools receiving federal funds to treat all student-initiated, non-curriculum clubs equally

ADA

Americans with Disabilities act, prevents discrimination

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act makes free education available for students with disabilities

IEP’s vs. 504’s

IEPs are formal, detailed documents with measurable annual goals, whereas 504 plans are less formal and usually do not require specific goals

Reciprocal Determinism

Suggests that individuals are both products and producers of their environment

Vicarious Learning

Acquiring knowledge through observation rather than experience

Inquiry Approach

A student-centered pedagogical method that drives learning through curiosity, questioning, and investigation rather than direct instruction

Metacognition

Thinking about ones own thoughts

Norm referenced vs. Criterion referenced 

Compare a person's performance against a peer group vs. measuring performance against a fixed set of standards or learning goals

Raw vs. scaled score

A raw score is the simple count of questions answered correctly on a test vs. a scaled score is mathematically transformed

Grade equivalent vs. age equivalent

Comparing a student's performance to the average performance of a norm group

Holistic vs. analytical scoring

Holistic scoring evaluates an assignment as a whole to provide one single score vs. breaking down assignments into separate, graded criteria

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while actions followed by discomfort or unpleasant outcomes are less likely to recur

Bruners 3 Modes of Representation

There are 3 modes - enactive where knowledge is stored in muscle memory, iconic which is visuals based, and symbolic (7+) where knowledge is abstract

Heider/Weiner’s Attribution Theory

Explains how individuals interpret the causes of behavior, events, and outcomes. If they think something is their fault vs. bad luck their motivation will be different.

Expository teaching

A method of instruction that focuses on the detailed explanation, interpretation, and application of a specific text or passage

Experiential teaching

A student-centered approach focusing on "learning by doing”

Discovery learning

Inquiry-based, student-centered approach where learners actively explore, experiment, and use prior knowledge to discover concepts rather than receiving direct instruction

Cognitive vs. Affective Domains

Focuses on intellectual knowledge and thinking vs. centering on emotions and values

What is GATE?

Gifted and Talented Education

Where did the integrated thematic instruction model start?

From the GATE program

Deductive vs. inductive reasoning

General problems to specific conclusions vs. specific observations to broader generalizations

Historical, Causal, and ethnographic are all types of what?

Research methods

What is the EEOA?

Equal Educational Opportunities Act

What is FERPA?

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

What is RTI?

3 Tiers, first is universal instruction, then targeted interventions, then intensive interventions

What does Watson’s theory center around?

Positive and negative reinforcement

Psychomotor Domain

Focuses on physical movement and coordination

What are copyright laws for schools?

Permit teachers to display or perform copyrighted works in person for instruction without permission

Reliability vs. validity?

Reliability measures the consistency of an assessment while validity measures the accuracy