Comprehensive Hematology: Blood Components, Functions, and Cell Types pt2

normocyte size

(7-7.5 um)

macrocyte size

large RBC (>9 um)

microcyte size

small RBC (<5 um)

normochromic

(normal Hb)

hypochromic

decrease HB

hyperchromic

increase HB

Latex Agglutination Test

Latex beads are used to detect Ag-Ab reaction

Immunoelectrophrosis Test

Electrical current is used to detect Ag-Ab reaction

Precipitatin Reaction Test

Arc of precipitate is used to detect Ag-Ab reaction

Nephelometry

Light scattering is used to detect Ag-Ab reaction

Fluorescent Antibody Test

Fluorescent dyes are used to detect Ag-Ab reaction

Rapid Immunodiffusion Test (RID)

Gel agar is used to detect Ag-Ab reaction

Hemagglutination Test

RBC's are used to detect Ag-Ab reaction

Antinuclear Antibody Test

A test for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders, where the body attacks itself.

ASO Screen

A test to detect antistreptolysin O which is produced in patients with Group A Strep infections.

Infectious Mononucleosis

A test to detect the heterophile Ab of patients that are infected with the Epstein-Barr virus.

Rubella HIA

Test for measles.

Rheumatoid Factor Test

Testing for rheumatoid factors that are in patients who have rheumatoid arthritis.

RPR (rapid plasma reagin)

A test used to screen for syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum.

VDRL (Veneral Disease Research Laboratory)

Another common non treponemal test done on CSF.

MHA-TP or FTA-ABS

Tests used to confirm for syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum.

C-Reactive Proteins (CRP)

A test to detect inflammatory conditions.

Cold Agglutinin Test

A test to detect primary atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Pregnancy Test

A test to detect pregnancy by testing for the hCg hormones found in pregnant women.

Cryptococcal Antigen Test

A test to detect the yeast Cryptococcus Neoformans which causes meningitis.

complement

a series of 11 serum proteins which helps fight off infection

phagocyte

antigen eating cell (neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils)

natural immunity

immunity acquired without exposure

acquired immunity

antibodies in blood due to exposure, actively (ie. vaccines) or passively (from mother at birth)

direct or forward blood typing

uses patient's blood with anti-a, anti-b or anti-d

reverse or indirect blood typing

uses patient's serum with commercial cells, A, B, AB, and O cells

cross match

testing the donor RBC's with the serum of the patient receiving the blood to make sure no reactions will occur

Antibody Screen

a test performed to screen a patient's serum for any Ab that might interfere with a RBC transfusion

Transfusion Reaction

an abnormal reaction by a patient that has recently been transfused which includes fever, chills, rash, anxiety, lower back pain, heat at site of transfusion and/or death when ABO incompatible blood is given

Antibody titer

a test to see how much antibody is in a patient which correlates to infection (ie. 1:2, 1:16, 1:64 etc)

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

When Rh- mother has 2nd Rh+ newborn because the Rh+ antibodies were produced by the mother after the 1st baby. Treatment today is rogam

Antigen

A foreign substance that elicits an immune response

Antibody (Ab)

A protein substance developed in response to an antigen, also called immunoglobulin.

IgG

Secondary immune response antibody, shows previous infection or exposure. Also, Rh Ab, small enough to cross placenta (see below).

IgM

First Ab to rise during infection. Also, ABO Ab, too large to cross placenta, and powerful agglutinin and hemolysis (see below).

IgG percentage

(80 %)

IgM percentage

(6%) -

IgA

found in saliva and GI tract to response to pathogens entering those areas.

IgA percentage

13%

IgE

Functions in allergic responses. People with allergies have

increased IgE.

IgE percentage

(0 -.002%) -

IgD percentage

(0 - 1%)

IgD

Unknown function.

ESR normal range Men

0 - 10 mm/hr

ESR normal range women

0 - 20 mm/hr

ESR

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

ESR Increase

inflammatory conditions

(anemia, tumors, tissue damage)

ESR decrease

sickle cell, large RBC'S, and increased RBC's

DIC Panel (Disseminated Intravascular coagulation

Patient suffer form internal blood clotting throughout body. This can happen in childbirth

complications, gunshot wounds, and other traumas.

ESR Men

0 - 10 mm/hr Increased: inflammatory conditions

ESR Women

0 - 20 mm/hr (anemia, tumors, tissue damage)

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Decreased

sickle cell, large RBC'S, and increased RBC's

Reticulocyte Count

0.5 - 1.5% (ave. 1%) Increased: acute blood loss or response to treatment of anemia

Reticulocyte Calculation

# reticulocyte counted X 100 = % reticulocyte / # erythrocytes counted

Reticylocyte increase

Increased: acute blood loss or response to treatment of anemia

Prothrombin Time (PT)

11-13 sec

Prothrombin Time (increase)

Increased in clotting factor deficiencies (II, V, VII, and X), heparin and coumarin therapy, vitamin K deficiency, liver disease

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT or PTT)

31-39 sec

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (increase)

Increased in clotting factor deficiencies (I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII), heparin therapy and vitamin K deficiency

Lee-White Clotting Time

manual coagulation test for PT and PTT

Bleeding Time Increased

with thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, aspirin, and deficiency of a coagulation factor (hemophilia)

Ivy method

puncture forearm 1-7 minutes

Duke method

puncture earlobe 1-3 minutes

Capillary Coagulation

2-6 minutes