Female Reproductive System: Part 2

Exam #3: disease and disorder,

abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)

irregular bleeding in the absence of pregnancy

(menometrorrhagia, menorrhagia, and metrorrhagia are some types of AUB)

adenomyosis

growth of endometrium into the muscular portion of the uterus

Bartholin cyst

blockage of one of the glands on either side of the vagina; usually causes a tender, swollen lump on the affected side, which may become infected, resulting in a Bartholin abscess

breast cancer

malignant tumor of the breast

cervical cancer

malignant tumor of the cervix, which progresses from cervical dysplasia to carcinoma; it cause is linked to HPV infection

(HPV vax prevents against it)

endometrial cancer

malignant tumor of the endometrium

aka uterine cancer

fibrocystic breast changes (FCC) [aka fibrocystic breasts (disease)]

thickening of tissue (fibrosis), benign cysts, and pain or tenderness in one or both breast; thought to be caused by monthly hormonal changes

ovarian cancer

malignant tumor of the ovary

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

inflammation of some or all of the female pelvic organs can be caused by many different pathogens.

(If untreated, may spread upwards from the vagina and can result in infertility)

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

condition typically characterized by hormonal imbalances, ovulatory dysfunction, and multiple ovarian cysts

(Sx: irregular menstruation, acne, excess facial and body hair, infertility)

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms occurring up to 10 days before menstruation.

Sx: nervous tension, irritability, mastalgia, edema, and headache

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

severe illness characterized by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgia, followed by hypotension and, in severe cases, shock and death

usually affects menstruating women using tampons; caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes

uterine fibroid

benign tumor of the uterine muscle

aka myopia of the uterus/leiomyoma

uterovaginal prolapse

dropping of the uterus (and sometimes vagina) due to weakend pelvic muscles; the uterus moves downward into and is sometimes visible outside the vagina

vaginal fistula

abn connection btw the vagina and another organ, such as the urinary bladder, colon, or rectum

colpocleisis

surgical closure of the vagina

colpoperineorrhaphy

suturing of the vagina and the perineum (performed to mend perineal vaginal tears)

colpoplasty

surgical repair of the vagina

colporrhaphy

suturing of the vagina (wall of the vagina)

episiorrhaphy

suturing of (a tear in) the vulva

hymenotomy

incision into the hymen

hysterectomy

excision of the uterus

hysteropexy

surgical fixation of the uterus

mammoplasty

surgical repair of the breast (performed to enlarge or reduce in size, and to reconstruct after removal of a tumor)

Types of mammoplasty

Implants — use silicone or saline inserts to create a breast

Flap- transfers a pts muscle or fat and surrounding tissue from another area to the chest to create a breast mound

mastectomy

excision of the breast

mastopexy

surgical fixation of the breast (performed to lift sagging breast tissue or to create symmetry)

oophorectomy

excision of the ovary

perineorrhaphy

suturing of (a tear in) the perineum

salpingectomy

excision of the fallopian tube

salpingo-oophorectomy

excision of the fallopian tube and the ovary

salpingostomy

creation of an artificial opening in the fallopian tube (performed to restore potency)

trachelectomy

excision of the cervix (aka cervicectomy)

vulvectomy

excision of the vulva

total hysterectomy

excision of the entire uterus, including the cervix; can be performed abdominally, vaginally, or laparoscopically

subtotal hysterectomy

excision of the upper part of the uterus leaving the cervix in place; can be performed abdominally or laparoscopically

aka supracervical hysterectomy

radical hysterectomy

excision of the entire uterus, upper portion of the vagina, and surrounding tissues; performed abdominally

radical mastectomy

removal of breast tissue, nipple, lymph nodes, and underlying chest wall muscle (rarely performed)

modified radical mastectomy

removal of breast tissue, nipple, and lymph nodes

simple mastectomy

removal of breast tissue, nipple, and skin

aka total mastectomy

breast conserving surgeries

less invasive procedures that preserve more of the breast are now an option for many ppl w. breast cancer

lumpectomy

removal of the cancerous lesion along w. a margin of surrounding healthy breast tissue. Radiation therapy may be needed as well

segmental mastectomy

removal of a quadrant, or wedge, of breast tissue

aka quadrantectomy

skin-sparing mastectomy

removal of breast tissue, nipple, and areola, leaving most of the skin over the breast intact. Used only for smaller tumors that are not close to the skin

nipple-sparing mastectomy

removal of breast tissue only, preserving the overlying skin, nipple, and areola — mainly for small, early stage cancers that are near the outer part of the breast

aka subcutaneous mastectomy

breast reconstruction

type of surgery that can restore the original appearance of the breast

anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (A&P repair)

surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele (protrusion of the bladder against the ant. wall of the vagina) and a rectocele (protrusion of rectum against post. wall of vagina)

conization

surgical removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix; used in the treatment of noninvasive cervical cancer

aka cone biopsy

dilation and curettage (D&C)

surgical procedure to widen the cervix and remove the contents from the uterus using a curette (instrument for scraping or suctioning)

endometrial ablation

procedure to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser, electrical, or thermal energy; used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding

ablation

excision or eradication — especially by cutting w. laser or electrical energy

myomectomy (myoma)

excision of a uterine fibroid

tubal ligation

surgical closure of the fallopian tubes for sterilization

(tubes can be cut and tied (ligated), cut and cauterized, or closed w. a clip) — aka tubal sterilization; female surgical sterilization

uterine artery embolization (UAE)

placement of metal coils or small gelatin beads into uterine arteries to stop blood flow supplying uterine fibroids or to stope severe hemorrhage after childbirth — aka uterine fibroid embolization (when used to treat uterine fibroids)

hysterosalpingogram

radiographic image of the uterus and fallopian tubes (after an injection of a contrast agent)

mammogram

radiographic image of the breast

mammography

radiographic imaging of the breast

(aka digital mammography when images are obtained electronically and viewed on a computer)

sonohysterography (SHG) [aka hysterosonography]

process of recording the uterus by use of sound

(saline sol’n is injected into the uterine cavity; used to diagnose abnormalities inside the uterus, including polyps, fibroids, adhesions)

colposcope

instrument used for visual examination of the vagina (and cervix)

colposcopy

visual examination (w. a magnified view) of the vagina (and cervix)

hysteroscope

instrument used for visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)

hysteroscopy

visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)

pelviscopic

pertaining to visual examination of the pelvic cavity (female reproductive organs)

pelviscopy

visual examination of the pelvic cavity (F repro. organs)

aka gynecologic laparoscopy