OVERALL - DRRR MIDTERM

Disaster

it is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses or impacts which exceed the ability of the community tocope using its resources

Hazard

is a potentially damaging event or phenomenon

Exposure

refers to the people, property, infrastructure, or ecosystems that are in the path of the hazard and could be affected

Vulnerability

represents the susceptibility of the exposed elements to the hazard

Disaster Risk

Hazard X Exposure X Vulnerability =

1. Acceptable Risk

2. Residual Risk

3. National Disaster Risk

4. Extensive Disaster Risk

5. Intensive Disaster Risk

Classification of Underlying Risk Factors in Disasters

Acceptable Risk

used in determining ways to reduce possible harm to people, infrastructure, services, and environmental processes ; risk that can be tolerated since it has been analyzed to not cause adverse damages

Residual Risk

disaster risk that remains after efforts of disaster risk reduction ; indicator of continuing needs for development of community capacity

National Disaster Risk

intensive and extensive disaster risk that can create a potential nationwide impact either in one event or cumulative ; requires the intervention of MDRRMC in mitigation efforts

Extensive Disaster Risk

Disaster risk that’s linked to low severity, high-frequency events that often occur in localized areas ; highly related to localized hazards

Intensive Disaster Risk

disaster risk that's linked to high severity, mid to high-frequency events that often occur in localized areas ; highly related to localized hazards

Natural Phenomenon

observable events or occurrences in the natural world that can be understood and exploited through scientific investigation and analysis

1. Hydrological

2. Atmospheric

3. Geologic

4. Biologic

5. Man-made

Types of Hazards

1. Medical effects

2. Damage to critical facilities

3. Disruption of transportation

4. Economic impact

5. Global environmental change

6. Social and political impact

Impacts of Disasters

Medical Effects

include traumatic injuries, emotional stress, epidemic diseases, and indigenous diseases

Damage to critical facilities

widespread disasters can destroy or damage facilities that may be critical not only in maintaining a safe environment and public order, but also in responding to the disaster

Disruption of transportation

during the initial stages of a disaster, almost all means of surface transportation within a community are disrupted by broken bridges and roads and streets that are rendered impassable by landslides or floods

Economic Impact

as a result of the destruction and damage to critical facilities, particularly transportation and communication facilities, disasters disrupt normal business operations and other economic activities

Global environment change

there is increasing evidence of global climate change caused by both human activity and disasters

Social and political impact

whenever a disaster strikes, developing countries are the most affected as a large segment of their population consists of the poor, who are the most affected

Physical Perspective

sees visible and tangible materials, natural or man-made, that have been affected by disasters

Psychological Perspective

focuses on people’s mental health in response to disaster impacts

Sociocultural Perspective

highlights how people respond collectively to disasters based on their perceptions

Economic Perspective

investigates the communities’ economic activities and their disruption

Political Perspective

mainly targets how government services are utilized to reduce disaster risk and disaster losses

Biological Perspective

recognizes the possibility of disease outbreaks after an occurence of a disaster

Primary Effects

are direct effects manifested from disaster event itself

Secondary Effects

arise from primary effects ; they involve biophysical and ecological processes and systems

Tertiary Effects

it may be caused by multiple primary and tertiary effects

Vulnerability

represents the susceptibility of the exposed elements to the hazard ; the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that make it susceptible to the damagin effects of a hazard

Exposure

refers to the people, property, infrastructure or ecosystems that are in the path of the hazard and could be affected ; it refers to the “elements at risk” from a natural or man-made hazard event

Physical Vulnerability

may be determined by aspects such as population density levels, remoteness of a settlement, the site, design and materials use for critical infrastructure

Enviornmental Vulnerability

natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability

Social Vulnerability

refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and systems of cultural values

Economic Vulnerability

the level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the economic status of individuals, communities, and nations ; the poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the resources to build sturdy structures

Natural Phenomenon

physical events that are not artificial or man-made

Hazard

is a potentially damaging event, phenomenon or human activity

Natural Hazards

arise from purely natural processes in the environment

Technological/Man-made Hazards

arise directly as a result of human activities

Hydrologic

a type of natural disaster that involves water-related events such as inland flooding, coastal surge, wet mass movements like landslides, avalanches, and subsidence

Biologic

disease producing agents that can be transmitted to individuals through various routes of exposure

Man-made

events that are caused by humans and occur in or close to human settlements

Geologic

an adverse geologic condition capable of causing damage or loss of property or life

Atmospheric

include things such as oxygen deficiencies, dusts, chemical vapors, welding fumes, fogs, and mists that can interfere with the bodies ability to transport and utilize oxygen, or that have negative toxicological effects on the human body.

1. Physical Impact

2. Psychological Impact

3. Socio-cultural Impact

4. Economic Impact

5. Environmental Impact

6. Biological Impact

Impact of Hazards on People and Environment:

Earthquake

can be described as the sudden intense shaking of the ground

Focus

is the point inside the earths crust where the earthquake started

Seismic waves

how energy is released during an earthquake

Epicentre

is the point on the surface directly above the focus and the energy is the most powerful here

Moment Magnitude Scale

earthquakes are measured using this scale

Seismometer

a sensitive instrument that detects and measures ground motion caused by seismic waves

Seismograph

a complete system that includes a seismometer along with a recording device

Ground Shaking

caused by the passage of seismic waves beneath structures

P-waves

primary/compressive waves, first waves that cause the surface to roll up and down

S-waves

secondary/shear waves, make everything rotate as in a spinning wheel; causing trees and buildings to sway violently from side to side

Surface waves

low frequency vibrations

Ground Rupture

the displacement of the ground due to the violent shaking of the surface

Vertical displacement

one side of the ground goes up or down or both

Horizontal displacement

a lateral movement from side to side, one goes to the left or right or both move sideways in different directions

Liquefaction

takes place when there is an increase in water pressure in saturated soil because of ground shaking

• Loose granular sediment areas with deposits that are young enough to be loose

• Saturation of sand and silt sediment by groundwater

• An earthquake strong enough to liquefy susceptible sediments

3 factors required for liquefaction

Earthquake-induced Landslides

strong earthquake-induced ground shaking greatly increases the likelihood of landslides

1. Drawback, rapid sea level drop

2. Unusual waves

3. Unusual sound

4. Unusual behaviour

Natural signs

• Know the hazards

• Know the evacuation area

• Prepare your house or workplace

• Prepare an emergency supply kit

• Learn to use the first aid kit

• Participate during drills

Before an Earthquake

• Drop

• Cover

• Hold on

During Earthquakes

• Evacuate

• Expect aftershocks

• Be updated

• Put-out small fires using extinguisher

• Check yourself and others for injuries

After Earthquakes