Medical Terminology Chapter 2 Part 3: Histology, Organ Systems, Anatomical Terms

Capsule

Fibrous tissue layer surrounding a joint or other structure

Latin: little box

Capsular

Pertaining to a capsule

-ar Pertaining to

capsul- box

Cartilage

Nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joint

Latin: gristle

Collagen

Major protein of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone

coll/a- glue

-gen produce, form

Connective Tissue

The supporting tissue of the body

Connect- join together

-ive pertaining to

Tissue: latin for to weave

Cruciate

Shaped like a cross

Latin: cross

Histology

Study of the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs, study of the tissues .

-logy study of

hist/o tissue

Histologist

Specialist in histology

hist/o tissue

-logist one who studies, specialist

Ligament

Band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures

Latin: band

Matrix

A substance that surrounds and protects cells, is manufactured by the cells, and holds them together

Latin root mater= mother

Meniscus

Disc of cartilage between the bones of a joint

Crescent-shaped cartilaginous structure in the knee

Greek: crescent

Muscle

A tissue consisting of contractile cells

Nutrient

A substance in food required for normal physiologic functioning

Nutri- nourish

-ent end result

Periosteum

Fibrous membrane covering a bone

-um tissue

peri- around

oste bone

Synovial

Pertaining to the synovial membrane or fluid found in joints.

This fluid is found within the knee joint and functions to lubricate the joints and allow for frictionless movement.

-al pertaining to

syn- together

-ov/l egg

Tendon

Fibrous band that connects muscle to bone

Latin: sinew

Connective Tissue

Tissue that binds, supports, protects, fills spaces, and stores fat

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that protects, secretes, absorbs, and excretes substances

Muscle Tissue

Tissue made of contractile cells, causes movement

Nervous tissue

Tissue that transmits impulses for coordination, sensory reception, and motor actions.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that is widely distributed throughout the body in blood, bone, cartilage, and fat.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers the body surface, covers and lines internal organs, and composes glands

Muscle Tissue

Tissue that is attached to bones, found in the walls of hollow tubes and organs, and is in the heart.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Arthroscopy

Visual examination of the interior of a joint

arthr/o joint

scopy to examine or view

Graft

Transplantation of living tissue

French: transplant

Suture

Two bones are joined together by a fibrous band continuous with their periosteum, as in the skull; or a stitch to hold the edges of a wound together, or to stitch the edges of a wound together.

Bone

Hard connective tissue forming an organ of the skeletal system; any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body.

Femur

Thigh bone

Tibia

The larger bone of the lower leg

Patella

The thin circular bone in front of the knee joint and embedded in the patellar tendon. (pl: patellae)

Epiphyseal

Pertaining to the expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of a long bone (provide increased surface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons)

ep-ih-FIZ-ee-al

epi- upon

-physis growth

-ial pertaining to

Medial

Nearer to the middle of the body

Collateral

Situated at the side, often to bypass and obstruction

Lateral

Situated at the side of a structure

Anterior

Front surface of the body, situated in front

Posterior

Pertaining to the back surface of the body, situated behind

Joint Capsule

The structure that encloses the joint cavity and is made of thin, fibrous connective tissue and is strengthened by fibers that extend over it. Lined with the synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

Synovial Membrane

The membrane that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid

A fluid within the joint capsule that lubricates the joint and distributes nutrients to the cartilage on the surfaces of the bone.

Medial Collateral Ligament

What does MCL stand for?

Lateral Collateral Ligament

What does LCL stand for?

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

What does ACL stand for?

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

What does PCL stand for?

KRU- she -ate (soft ate)

Cruciate pronunciation

Organ

A structure with specific functions in a body system. Made of a collection of tissues.

Organ System

A group of organs with a specific collective function. The organs within this system tend to be interconnected.

Circulation

Continuous movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels

Homeostasis

Maintaining the stability of a system or the body’s internal environment.

home/o the same

stasis standstill, control

All body systems work together to achieve this

Musculoskeletal System

The organ system composed of the muscular and skeletal systems together.

Integumentary System

The organ system comprised of the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Skeletal System

The organ system comprised of bones, ligaments, and cartilage.

Muscular System

The organ system comprised of muscles (smooth, skeletal, and cardiac)

Nervous System

The organ system comprised of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs

Endocrine System

The organ system comprised of glands that secrete hormones including the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, and thymus glands.

Cardiovascular

The organ system comprised of the heart and blood vessels

Lymphatic System

The organ system comprised of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and the spleen.

Digestive System

The organ system comprised of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder pancreas, and the small and large intestines

Respiratory System

The organ system comprised of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Urinary System

The organ system comprised of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Male Reproductive System

The organ system comprised of the scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis

Female Reproductive System

The organ system comprised of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.

Integumentary System

The organ system that protects tissues, regulates body temperature, and support sensory receptors

Skeletal System

The organ system that provides framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts.

Muscular System

The organ system that causes movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

Nervous System

The organ system that receives and interprets sensory information, and, in response stimulates muscles, glands, and other organ systems.

Endocrine System

The organ system that controls the metabolic activities of organs via hormones

Cardiovascular System

The organ system that moves blood and transports substances throughout the body

Lymphatic system

The organ system that defends the body against infection, returns tissue fluid to the blood, and carries certain absorbed food molecules

Digestive System

The organ system that receives, breaks down, and absorbs food and eliminates unabsorbed materials

Respiratory System

The organ system that intakes and outputs air, and exchanges gases between air and blood.

Urinary System

The organ system that removes wastes from the blood, maintains water and electrolyte balance, and stores and transports urine

Male Reproductive System

The organ system that produces and maintains sperm cells and transfer them into the female reproductive tract

Female Reproductive System

The organ system that produces and maintains egg cells, receives sperm cells, supports development of an embryo, and functions in the birth process.

Cardiovascular

Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

ar pertaining to

cardi/o heart

vascular blood vessel

Digestion

Breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism

ion action

digest break down food

Digestive

Pertaining to digestion

ive -pertaining to

digest break down food

Endocrine

Gland that produces an internal or hormonal substance

endo- within

crine- secrete

Homeostasis

Maintaining the stability of a system or the body’s internal environment.

Home/o: the same

Stasis: standstill control

Hemostasis

The arrest of bleeding

Integument

Organ system that covers the body, the skin being the main organ within the system

latin: a covering

covering of the body

Integumentary

Pertaining to the covering of the body

integument: covering of the body

ary pertaining to

Lymph

Clear fluid collected from body tissues and transported by lymph vessels to the venous circulation

Latin: clear spring water

Lymphatic

Pertaining to lymph or the lymphatic system

atic: pertaining to

Nervous

Pertaining to a nerve or the nervous system; or easily excited or agitated.

nerv- nerve

ous -pertaining to

System

Greek for an organized whole

Nervous system

The whole integrated nerve apparatus

Respiration

The process of breathing; fundamental process of life used to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Respir- to breathe

Respiratory

Pertaining to respiration

Skeleton

The bony framework of the body

Skeletal

Pertaining to the skeleton

skelet-skeleton

al pertaining to

Urinary

Pertaining to urine

urin- urine

ary-pertaining to

Orthopedic

Medical specialty that diagnoses and treats disease and conditions of bones

Collateral

Accessory or secondary

Suture

Placing stitches to bind the wound edges together to close an incision ot laceration of a body part

Pertaining to

Tip: when referring to a body system add a suffix that means

___________________

Skin

What is the main organ of the integumentary system?

Universal

Anatomical position is important because it provides a ______________ point of reference.

Anatomical position

Standing erect, feet flat on floor shoulder width apart, face and eyes facing forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward.

Supine

Laying face up, flat on your spine