Psychology- Human Development

Jean Piaget

1896-1980 (Switzerland)

Believed children learn through interacting with their environment

Doing vs. Product

Most learning in not intentional. Happens in stages

Influenced the way children and educated in America

Stage One: Sensory-Motor Stage

Birth- Age 2

Explore the world through senses & mobility

Schema (mental model)

Assimilation

Accommodation

Emerging object permanence

Stage Two: Pre-Operational Stage

Ages 2-7

One relationship at a time

Symbolic Play/animism

Egocentric- Theory of Mind?

1st dreams/night terrors

Language leaps!

Stage Three: Concrete Operations

Ages 7-11

Child begins to "do in their head"

Mastery of conservation

Two relationships at a time

Egocentrism diminishes

Stage Four: Formal Operations

Ages: 11+

Reason about abstract things

Critical judgment of others

"Think" about thoughts

Erik Erikson

Developmental Psychologist

Artist & Teacher

Neo Freudian

People face psycho-social crisis at different stages

Stages must resolve successfully for healthy development

1st to "coin" the phrase- "identity crisis"

Criticism of Erikson's work...

Overlap between the stages (2,3, 4)

Scientific rigor

Culture

Identity Diffusion -Adolescence

Haven't begun process

Little self direction

May avoid getting involved

Moratorium (Crisis)-Adolescence

Aware they are in crisis

Thinking about self-no answers

Dissatisfied (school, job, etc.)

Daydreams (a lot)

Reject parental ideals

Intense- short-lived relationships

Identity Achievement

Begin making some commitments

Life not in order-working toward this

Trauma can bring on crisis

Identity Foreclosure

Little double about choices, values, sex role, etc.

Self-assured

Few fears or doubts

Frequently accepts choices of parents

Stages of Development....

Prenatal

Infancy

Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood

Old Age

Guiding Principles....

Nature and Nurture (each influence different stages)

Development is in sequence (stages)

Growth rates vary person to person

Readiness (The child must have mastered the previous stage)

Optimum time and Critical periods

Infant Development: Birth-Age 2

Time of rapid brain growth

Feel

Smell

Taste

Adaptive (survival) Reflexes..

Cough

Grasping reflex

Rooting reflex

Sucking reflex

Moro reflex

Harlow's experiment in stages

Experiment on intelligence evolves

The Iron Maiden

Harlow's theory of love= Contact Comfort

Harlow becomes President of the APA

Less than one year later....

Monkeys not thriving!

Unable to mate

Violently antisocial

Display autistic- like features (rocking, head-banging, biting themselves)

Extreme self mutilation

Harlow identified three components to attachment:

Touch-Motion-Play

Mary Ainsworth

infant attachment

Secure Attachment =mother is sensitive to infant, consistent, responsive

Insecure Attachment=mother is inconsistent

Insecure Avoidant=mother is unresponsive, child is confused

Authoritarian:

Enforce strict rules- demand obedience

Permissive:

Little guidance, no limits, much freedom

Authoritative:

firm/consistent, love & logic with responsibility

Diana Baumrind

Parenting Beyond Attachment

Carl Rogers:

Parents give 2 kinds of support

Conditional Positive Regard= Parents show love only when child behaves in certain ways.

Unconditional Positive Regard= Parents show love - no matter "who" the child is, or how they behave.

Positive-Strict-Warm

Better self-esteem

Strong morals/values

Responsible

Resilient in times of stress

Negative-Permissive-Cold

Look to escape punishment

Lower self-esteem