History - Nazi Germany (entire booklet)

This is for the Edexcel Spec btw (ill be doing the entire of Crime and Punishment, Richard and John and also Cold war)

NOTES FOR 1.1 ORIGINS OF THE REPUBIC 1918-19

NOTES FOR 1.1 ORIGINS OF THE REPUBIC 1918-19

1914 -18: War ended

• →11 million dead, 4 million injured

  → Debt tripled (50 million to now 150 million)

  → 750,000 civilians dead (food routes were cut off by british)

  → Germany was defeated and Kaiser had to go

1918 - 19: German revolution

• → Riots occured to replace the Kaiser

  → 9th November 1918 Kaiser abdicated

  → Philip (leading member of the Social Democratic Party) established a new republic

  → Ebert (leader of the SPD) became chancellor and he put forth a few things

  → Agreement with army to work together to keep communists out of power

• Reichstag (parliment) removed and council of peoples representitives introduced (6 people chosen by Ebert who would head the government)

• Agreement to end the World War between Germany and the Allies

Setting up the Weimer Republic:

• Ebert wanted to increase peoples confidence in the new republic, and he did this through:

  → Civil Servants - will help run the country (collect tax + run schools) - allows the state to stay running

  → Reassured Army leader Groener - army would be left alone, in return, the army will help the new repbulic stay in power

  → Reassured businesses - no land or factories would be confiscated, in return they keep the economy smooth

The National Assembly:

• Council of peoples representitives was temporary - National Elections would select a National Assembly (they would have to create a new constitution (rules from the government)

  → SPD gained the most votes

  → Republic now became know as the Weimer Constitution

Strengths and weaknesses of the Weimer Constitution:

• Strengths:

  → Central government - the president and chancellor had power, but there were local governments - allowed key services to be done such as police courts and schools

  → Voting age reduced from 25 to 21

  → Proportional Representation - (system which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them) - so smaller parties could get a fair share of seats

• Weaknesses:

  → Coalition government - Proportional representaion meant that there wasn’t a clear majority - so parties would have to join together and compromise leading to no strong policies

  → Weakness in a crisis - decisions couldn’t be made and the chancellor would have to pass laws by force - made the constitution look weak

NOTES FOR 1.2 EARLY CHALLENGES IN THE REUBLIC:

Treaty of Versailles, 1919

• Armistice was signed and peace was now apparant

• But the terms of Treaty of Versailles were unpopular and this made the Weimar unpopular, here are the reasons why :

  → ‘Dikat’ - meaning terms were imposed and not agreed upon - Germans apoosed the terms but nothing could be changed

  → War gult - germany had to take all the blame

  → Reperations - to the victorious nations (£6.6 Billion)

  → Army reduced to 100,000, and Navy allowed only 6 battle ships, 12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats. NO susbmarines were allowed

  → NO Airforce was allowed

• All this weakened Germany making sure there wouldn’t be another uprising

  Dolchstoss - The stab in the back:

• Germans believed the army wasn’t defeated, but they surrendered + said politicions betrayed them and said the army was defeated

‘November criminals’

• The Treaty of Versailles had impacts on Germany:

  → reperations made the economy very weak

  → made the Weimer politically weak - because of Dolchstoss, the leaders of the new German republic were hated now

The Sparticist Revolt - a Left Wing uprising:

• Led by Rosa Luxemberg and Karl

• 400,000 members

• Communist group supported by Soviet Union

• Sparticists was an extreme Socialist group that supported the communist group

• (The start of the uprising) Ebert sacked the police chief in berlin on the 4th Jan 1918 - He was popular with the workers - 2 days later, 100,000 workers went on strike - took control of newspapers and telegraph office

The Freikorps:

• the 100,000 from the army alone wasn’t enough to take down the revolt

• Ebert ordered the organisation of the soldiers the army had to let go (because of the limit on the army) - they still had their weapons and were right wing - after doing this the army was now around 250,000 in size

The end of the Sparticist revolt:

• The new 250,000 soldier army destroyed the unarmed workers

• Rosa and Karl were killed

• End of the uprising

The Kapp Putsch, a Right Wing uprising:

• Freikorps due to disband - Ebert didnt have good control of them

• The Freikorps were fearful of unemployment - they turned on the republic - 5000 armed soliders took over the Government, declaring a new one, inviting the Kaiser back

• HOWEVER, Kapp realised he couldn’t run a society, so he tried to escape, but was caught

• Eventually, members of the real government returned and everything went back to normal

The challenges of 1923:

French occupying the Ruhr:

• Germany had no gold reserves

• The treaty depreived germany of wealth making areas

• Germany had to pay reperation, and by 1923, they could not pay them

• Germany didn’t send coal to France - France sent their soldiers to sieze the ‘Ruhr’ in Jan 1923 confiscating good and machinery - people went on strike but they were only arrested

• Germany couldnt fight back against there 750,000 troop army

Inflation and Hyperinflation:

• Inflation is when the price of goods go up due to shortages - because Germany couldn’t pay their debts (and they weren’t recieving enough tax money), they started printing loads of money

• This then lead to hyperinflation:

• Effects of Hyperinflation:

  → Normal living was impossible - people raided shops for food

  → People with savings hit the hardest - all there money saved is worthless - middle class most affected

  → People with loans benifited - borrowed money easy to pay off

  → Foreigners could buy more as their currencny rose against the mark

The damage has been done:

• The Weimer was shown to be weak:

  → Rescued by the friekorps during the spartisist uprising, killing thousends to stay in power

  → All Germans had suffered from Hyperinflation

  → Extremist parties were gaining power

• However, after August 1923, Stressemen became chancellor and found solutions to these problems

NOTES FOR 1.3 THE RECOVERY OF THE REPUBLIC 1924 - 29

Stressemens objective:

• He wanted to stabilise the political situation in Germany (people hated the politians and blamed Ebert for all the bad that had happened; hyperinflation, the stab in the back)

• And he also wanted to improve Germany’s ecenomic crisis

• He did this through the following:

The rentenmark:

• Nov 1923, Stressemen set up a new bank, the ‘Rentenbank’

• And he also issued a new currency, the ‘Rentenmark’

• The currency was tied to the price of gold, and German indrustrial plants and agriculture fields - this meant it had real value and people trusted this

• This allowed business and employment to thrive and ultimutly helped stop the Hyperinflation

The Dawes Plan, 1924:

• Germany’s reperation annuel payments were reduced to £50 million a year

• US bank loaned $25 billionbetween 1924 - 30

• French left the Ruhr - allowing industrial output to double

• All this imporved the ecenomic stability of Germany

The Young Plan, 1929:

• Total reperations were reduced from £6.6 billion to £2 billion

• Germany had an extra 59 years to pay, meaning they could lower taxes on the Germany people, meaning people would spend more benefiting businesses, improving Stressemens image

Improving foreign relations:

The Locarno Pact, 1925:

• Treaty between Britain, France, Germany, Italy and belgium - unlike Treaty of Versailles, terms weren’t imposed upon them + talks about germany entering the League of Nations

• Rhineland would be demilitarised (land shared with France on the border)

• Germany accepted new border with France - now peace between them - meant war was less likely between the nations

The league of Nations:

• League of Nations = Internation body of powerful contries make decision

• Germany is a member

• This would increase political favourability

Kellogg-Brand pact:

• Pact signed by 61 countries = no war for political aims - shows Germany is apart of decision making

• Showed the Weimer was respected

Impact on domestic politics

• Stressement aimed to ease the Germans - ruduce extremist party support

• Votes show Weimer was stable

• However, Stressement had a heart attack - he died in 1929

NOTES FOR 1.4 CHANGES IN SOCIETY 1924 - 29:

Changes in the standard of living

• standards were low 1918 - 23 (Improved after 1924)

• Funded by the Weimer

Unemployment and employment insurance:

• 1924, 4% of total workforce was unemployed

• However there were improvements

• Unemployment Insurance Act 1927 - Charged 16 million workers 3% wages - for 60 Marks per week for unemployed or the sick

Work and Wages:

• Working conditions + wages improved

• Value of goods from (the now shorter) wages rose 25%

Housing:

• 1923, a million home shortage

• 15% tax to fund building associations made

• Almost 100,000 new houses made - easing shortage a lil bit

Other Improvements:

• Pensions to 1.2 million civilians, directly or indirectly linked to the war

Changes for women in the republic:

Women in Politics:

• Marriage was Equal

• Women could have the same jobs as men

Women at Work:

• Women paid less than men, in the same job (by 33%)

• But now more retail jobs available

• More Women in higher education level jobs

Women at Leisure:

• Women now have more financial freedom

• They could go out, dress nicely etc

• Many disliked this - against changes to traditional marriages:

• Birth rate was falling + Divorce rate increasing

Society divided:

• Some women felt liberated by new opportunities

• Some men accepted changes, whilst others didn’t

• Traditionalists say women should focus on being mothers

Cultural changes in the Weimer Republic:

Art:

• Art used to express ideas (depends on the source given) e.g. boredom / falling standards in society

Architecture:

• Einstien tower designed like a rocket - amazing changes made

Cinema:

• First horror film made

• 3,600 cinemas made

• People would be less bored

Some people were apposed to the new changes:

• Left Wing said money for new schemes should be spent on basic needs

• Right Wing (Nazis) say it undermines German culture

How did Ebert keep control of Germany in November 1918 - 19?

• Became chancellor

• Civil Servants

• Reassured Army leader Groener

• Reassured businesses

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the weimer constitution?

Advantages:

• Central government

• Voting age reduce

• Proportional Representation

Disadvantages:

• Coalition government

• Weakness in a crisis

Why was the Treaty of Versailles unpopular amongst the Germans?

• ‘Dikat’ - meaning terms were imposed and not agreed

• Reperations - to the victorious nations (£6.6 Billion)

• Army reduced to 100,000

Who were known as the Novermber Criminals?

• The politicions who agreed to the Treaty of Versailles and said their Army had lost the war (when they didn’t)

What was Dolchtoss?

• Stab in the back

• German politicons ‘betrayed’ the people, stating the Army had been defeated when it hadn’t

What was the Sparticist uprising?

The start of the Uprising:

• Communist group supported by the Soviet union

• Led by Rosa Luxemborg and Karl

• Sparticists supported the communist group

• Had 400,000 members

• Ebert sacked the Chief of the Police, who was favoured by the Work Force

• 100,000 workers went on strike, they took this as an opportunity

• They siezed the telegraph and newspapers

What Ebert did to solve the situation:

• Ebert couldn’t stop this with the 100,000 in the army

• Organised all the other soldiers that had been let go to help (the Freikorps)

• The army now had 250,000

• They obliterated the unarmed workforce

• They captured Rosa and Karl and killed them both

• End of the uprising

What was the Kapp Putsch?

• Friekorps were due to disband

• Scared of unemployment

• They (with Wolfgan Kapp leading it) started an uprising

• 5000 armed soldiers

• Ebert asked the Army for hep but they said they wouldn’t fight fellow teamates

• They took over the Republic and invited the Kaiser back

However:

• Kapp realised he couldn’t run a government

• He tried running but was caught and killed

• End of the uprising

What were 2 challenges Germany faced in 1923?

• France occupying the Ruhr

• Hyperinflation

How did Stressemen improve the Weimer between 1924 - 29?

• Rentenbank + Rentenmark

• Young plan (young = payments on next gen)

• Dawes plan

• Germany entering the League of Nations

What were four ways the standards of living were improved?

• Unemployment and employment insurance#

• Wages improving

• Housing was increased

• pensions for all those linked to the war

What were 3 changes for women in the Republic?

• In Politics

• At Work

• In leisure

Why was society becoming divided during the changes for women in the Republic?

• Some women felt liberated by the new opportunities

• Some men agreed women deserved equa right

However, on the other hand:

• Many men and women felt that traditional values should be kept (marriages, motherhood, masculinity)

NOTES FOR 2.1 EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NAZI PARTY 1920 - 22:

Hitlers early career in politics:

• Hitler attended the Germans Workers Party (DAP) meetings

• In 2 years, Hitler gained control, reshaping it into Nazi party

Setting up the Nazi party:

• 5 parts to his takeover:

  → Party policy

  → Hitlers appeal

  → organisation

  → leadership

  → The SA (brownshirts)

Party policy - 22 point program

• Party policy - was a party of protest against:

  → Weimer politicions - got rid of Kaiser + Treaty of Versailles

  → Democrocy - it was weak + Weimer constitution

  → Jews - undermining Germanys economy

• Hitler Head of Propoganda - Wrote 25 Point Programe (the paties policies)

Hitlers personal appeal:

• Party member count relied on Socialists / Nationilists

• Hitler as a public speaker attracted support:

  → rehearse speaches - building tension in speech

  → Make gestures - Draw peoples attention

• 1920, DAP = 3000 members

Party organistation:

• DAP office - Munich (better organised + advertised - increases funds)

• New name (NSDAP - Nazi) - Clarify policies - gaining support

• New logo - distinguishes party

• Leads to bigger membership = more funds (bought a newspaper the ‘Peoples Observer’) costing 130,000 marks

Party leadership

• Became leader of NSDAP

• Employed 4 people to help:

  → Rudolph - Hitlers Deputy

  → Goering - Wealthy WW pilot

  → Streicher - Publisher of new Nazi newspaper

  → Rohm - Ex-army officor (popular amongst ex soldiers)

Role of the SA:

• ‘Storm Troopers’ - Private Militery Force for Hitler

• Dressed in Brown Uniform

Hitler Gains Control of the NSDAP:

• January 1922 - Full control of NSDAP

• Delivered a 2h 30m speech

NOTES FOR 2.2 MUNICH PUTSCH AND LEAN YEARS 1923 - 29:

The Munich Putsch,1923

• Hitler launched an Armed Revolt — to overthrow Weimer

Reasons for the Munich Putsch:

• There were Long, Medium and Short term Causes

Long-term causes:

• 1918 - 23 → When Germany when Ebert was in control

• ‘Stab in the Back’, Reperations, Loss of German Colonies

• Germans resentment for Weimer - allowed Nationalist to be born

• Bavarian State leaders favoured the NSDAP — now the party consisted of 50,000

Medium-term causes:

• 1921 - 23, Nazi Party influenced by Fascists in Italy lead by Mussolini

• Modelled salute and Flags on the Fascists

Short- term causes:

• Hyperinflation - everyday life became impossible, savings = usless

• French occupying the Ruhr

• Germans were aggreived - the Weimer seemed weak — 1923, Hitler started his plan

The events of the Munich Putsch:

• 1923, Bavarian officials had a meeting in a Beer Hall, the follwing attended:

• Gustav Von Kahr - leader of the state government

• Von Seisser - Head of the state police

• Von Lossow - Head of State German Army

• Hitler and 500 men take over the meeting room

• The 3 men pretend to agree, then released.

• Hitler's supporters attack, but Bavarian leaders stop them.

• People don't end up support Hitler.

• Army and towns loyal to gov.

• Hitler, Ludendorff, Rohm, Streicher arrested; Goering hides.

Consequences of the Munich Putsch:

• Hitler in Jail for 9 Months

• Ludendorf not guilty

• NSDAP banned

However, during the 9 months:

• Hitler planned to use democrocy to gain favour, not violence

• Wrote ‘Mein Kampf’ to highlight Nazi Party’s political views

• NSDAP ban lifted in Feb 1925 + Nazis won (with a different name) 32 seats in Reichstag May 1924 Election

• Hitler gains National publicity

The lean years of the Nazi Party, 1924-28:

Mein Kampf:

• Hitler wrote a book - has all his political views about the party after 1924 - extremist views:

  • believed ‘Aryan Race’ should rule the world

  • Said Jews undermined Aryan rule — intermarriage of jews would weaken Aryan race + they would take over German industry + political groups (SDP)

• Nationalism - Revive Germany — reverse Treaty of Versailles + needed living space for Germans - talked about invading Russia for land - so farmers have land to produce for Germany

• Socialism - Use wealth of industry to better peoples lives, not the rich

• Totalitariasm - Rid democracy - seen as weak, instead put power into Leader of the State - into one leader

• Traditional German Values - Family values, clear gender roles, strong work ethic, Christian morality + old German culture (art etc)

Party recognisation, 1924 - 28

• Hitler resume his political career

• Released from prison on December 1924

• NSDAP ban lifted - Feb 1925

• Meetings at Munich relaunched - 27th February

• The Governments lenient treatment of his right wing party was typical

• Hitler realised he had to persuade his audiance not using violence, therefore he made the Party more Organised

Nazi Party headquarters:

• Based in munich

• Bouhler - party secretary, Franz - treasurer (party was now financially organised)

• Party organised like a mini state - Hitler as the Main Leader - and the departments bellow him

• SA now had a womens section - Hitler youth also created for the young

Creation of a National Nazi Party:

• Germany divided in 35 regions - each part had a leader ‘Gau’

• Gregor - powerful Gau in NW of Germany

• Goeballs prominent figure in the Rhineland

• Hitler raised the money (to finance this) - from Loans from Big businessmen

The SS (Schutzstaffel)

• Hitler expanded the SA TO 400,000 members

• However, after Munich Putsch - couldnt trust them

• Kept a total loyalty group of bodyguards

The Bamburg Conference:

• The Nazi Party stressed 2 things:

  • Nationalist views

  • Socialist views

• Strasser and Goeballs — based in north — more socialist side - focused on benefiting workers + attacks on businessmen etc

• Hitler based in south - focused on natonalist views - strengthen Germany - one ruler - action against the Jews

• Called for a National conference - based in Bamburg, Bavaria

• Hitler put forth his ideas and made socialists sound like communists - the enemy

• Goeballs convinced by Hitler and left strasser

Reasons for limited support, 1923 - 29

• Nazi party was organised - 100,000 members + Hitler had tight control

• However these were some of the lean years, and theres severel reasons for this:

  • Stressemens Rentenmark + Dawes and young plan restored ecenomic stability - (inflation gone) - Public were better of with this - SPD won 30% votes - Nazi support was cut off

  • Locarno pact + member of the League of Nations - Germany given more status - NSDAP support cut

  • Hindenburg became president - ex army war hero - people supported this + cut support to those aposed to this

  It was clear support was cut off (only 1% in 1928 elections votes)

Notes for 2.3 Growth in Nazi supoort, 1929 - 32

• We know there was much support for the Weimer - which lead to the Nazi party having almost no suport

• But this ended, Stressemen died in 1928, when stressemen had a heart attack - causes doubt on the people

• ‘great depreesion’ - stock market crashed - Germany’s ecenomy suffered - mass unemployment + political crisis

The Wall Street Crash in the USA

• October 1929 share prices fell on Wall Street

• People sold there shares as it was dropping in value quickly

• $4000 million investors lost

• Germany invested in US shares - They lost so much money - german people tried collecting all their money - banks ran out of cash - people lost money

• Banks demanded money from Businesses they lent money to - lead to business production cut down or completely closing down

Unemployment

• Businessses had to cut back on production - or closed down

• So they had to let employees go

• Unemployed workers became poorer - less money to spend business revenue drops - has to let more eployees go increasing unemployment

• 1933 - 6.1 million unemployed

Unemplyment - impact on the people

• 1933, 6.1 million unemployed

  • Unemployed - Government couldnt pay unemployment benifits (the 60 marks for each unemployed person) + Taxes were raised + benefits were cut = more problems for the unemployed

  • Savers - Those who invested savings into shares had now nothing to fall back on

  • Homeless - People couldnt afford rent - went homeless — street were now shafty, people turned to violence - fighting between police and group of young men

  The failure to deal with unemployment

• Political action needed - Weimer couldn’t help

• 1930 - 32 Chancellor Bruning proposed higher taxes to pay for benefits

• All classes apoosed this idea - the wealthy, left wing parties, the working class

• Bruning proposed policies - all rejected

• Had to use article 48 to pass laws - used 100 times 1931 - 32

• Undermined Weimer Republic confidence further

• Bruning resigned May 1932

Rise in support for KPD and NSDAP

• Moderate parties couldnt help the situation - people turned to extremist parties (Nazi, communist party (KPD)

• KPD in 1932 became most voted because:

  • growing unemployment - Reached 5 million in 1932

  • Falling wages 1932 - 15% lower than in 1928

• Communist party seemed like the only option for people to have jobes and wages (especially for the working class)

• However, Nazi support was fast than the KPD - because upper classes and middle classes were scared of communism - all their land and riches would belong to the government then

• This lead to a rise of support in the NSDAP

Why did people support the Nazi party, 1933?

• There was great growth for the party between 1929 - 32

The appeal of Hitler and the SA

• Germans disliked the Weimer - it was weak

• Hitler was seen as a better replacement:

  • would restore law + order

  • Scrap Treaty of Versailles + fair treatment of Germany

• Hitler used businessmens funds to advertise himself - 1932 election he flew planes with the Nazi sign

The SA was another reason Germans support NSDAP

• Uniform made them seem organised + disciplined - impression they could control unrest

• 400,000 members - disrupted the communist groups, showing their strength

The appeal of the Nazis to different sections of German society

They had certain policies that appealed to different groups

Big businesses

• They supported Hitler - only escape from communism - Therefore he got big support from wealthy businessmen - lead to increase Nazi financies - used for Nazi propoganda

Working class support

• NSDAP promised the people work

• Although they were more likely to vote KPD, they never dominated the working class votes

Middle class support

• Professional workers (farmers, lawyers etc) - had savings and a little land, they left moderate parties for the Nazis for a few reasons:

  • Great depression - they lost their companies, savings and pensions - Hitler seen as strong and could restore country

  • Communist party would abolish Private Ownership of land + business - Nazis were seen as protectors

  • Middle class wanted to return to Traditional German values (no drinking or sexual openess)

Farmers

• German policy changed - 25 point programe no long stated private land would be taken, only land of the jews - appealde to farers as Communists would take their land

Young people

• Nazi Party seen as exciting — colourful, and full of atmosphere - Hitlers speaches were very persuasive

Women

• Many women were against returning to traditional values - however Propoganda stated voting for NSDAP was best for the country and families - this appeared as attractive and gained support

Unity - something for everyone

• The Parties policies targeted the whole Nation, not just to specific groups or parties

Notes for 2.4 How Hitler became Chncellor, 1923 - 33

• 1932, Weimer crippled by ecenomic hardship - Bruning couldnt help the republic and retired

• However, 1930 electrions - Nazi party only won 107 seats out of the 577 available

• But he became Chancellor by 1933

Political developments in 1932

March 1932: Hidenburg stands for re-election

• Hidenburg was 84 - however he was persuaded to run again - to keep the government stable

• Hidenburg won the first election (but they had to do it again since you needed 50% or more)

30th May 1932: Chancellor Bruning resign

• April 1932 he resigned

• He took 2 steps which lost him all support in the Reichstag

  • Banning the SS and SA

  • Plan to buy land from large landowners to house unemployed

Von Schliecher suggests a new Chancellor

• Was a high ranking army officor - suggested to Hidenburg a new Chancellor - Von Papen

• He created a coalition (temporary agreement between parties) - consisting of army officors, landowners and other right wing supporters

• Howver they diidnt have the majority - Von schleisser said if Nazis supported them, they would have enough support

• Hitler agreed, under the term that the SA was unbanned

30 May 1932: von Papen becomes Chancellor

• Von Papens coalition was bassicly the new Government

• July 1932 elections for Reichstag — campaigning in June and July caused violence in the streets - between Nazi SA and KPD

• 100 killed, 7000 injured, happened at Hamburg

• When the results were announced - NSDAP had the most seats (230)

• Hitler demanded Von Papen be sacked and he should become Chancellor

November 1932: von Papen is sacked

• Hidenburg, field marshal in WW1 hated hitler - refused Hitlers appeal to be Chancellor

• Called for new Reichstag elections in 1932 - hoped Nazi support would fall

• Nazi seats did fall, but they were still the largest party

• Von Schleicher abandoned Von Papen - told Hidenburg if Papen stayed - civil war would occure - so Von Papen resigned

December 1932: von Schliecher becomes chancellor

• Hidenburg appointed him as achancellor out of desperation

January 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor

• Schleicher has no real political support - Nazis didnt support him anymore so he had no majoirty in the Reichstag

• He asked to be made Head of Military Dictatorship

• Heidenburg refused

• Schleicher wsa planning a coupe

• Von papen told him, if they made Hitler Chancellor, they could easily control him

• Hitler, 30th January 1933 Hitler became Chancellor

The role of Hidenburg, von Schleicher and von Papen

• Hitler became chancellor for a few reasons:

  • Hitlers personal appeal, policies organisation and the Ecenmoic colapse 1929 - 33 + Weimers weakness

  • Von Papen and Hidenburg still had their roles

• Hidenburg supported monarchy, used article 48 to govern by decree (this weakened the Weimer)

• Von Schleiche and Von Papen were right wing conservatives - wanted a government not controlled by parties, but wealthy landowners/industrialists

• They plotted to replace Bruning with the ‘Cabinet of barons’ and use the German Army rather than the Reichstag, to keep Chancellors in power

• All three of them underestimated Hitler and Nazis in power - that they could control them - they were all wrong

What were 5 ways Hitler set up the NSDAP?

• Party policy - 22 point program

• Party Organisation

• Hitlers personal appeal

• Party Leadership - Rohm,Rudolph, goerring, striecher

• (And the organisation of the SA)

What were the Long term causes for the Munich Putsch?

• Reperations

• Dolschoss

What were the medium term causes for the Munich Putsch?

• The Fascists in Italy

• Modeled Salout and flags to them

What were the Short term causes for the Munich Putsch?

• Hyper-Inflation

• French occupying the Ruhr

Describe the events of the Munich Putsch

• 1923, Bavarian state leaders - Had a meeting

• Hitler and 500 men stop this

• Force them to agree

• They pretend to agree but when Hitler leaves, they plan to stop him

• Hitler and his followers turned to the streets - they werent supported

• Hitler and his followers arrested

What were 2 consequences of the Munich Putsch?

• Hitler Jailed for 9 months

• NSDAP banned

What were some benefits of the Munich Putsch ‘Failure’

• Wrote Mein Kamp - highlights parties ideas

• Hitler realised he would have to win people over without force

• Hitler gains National publicity

What are some things Mein Kamph highlights?

• Extremist views - Aryan race, how theyre determined to rule the world

• Jews aainst Aryan race

• Nationalism - reverse Treaty of Versailles - invade Russia for land - farmers can produce more

• Socialism - Wealthy shouldnt get richer and money should be given to the people

• Totalitarism - One pwoerful leader, not democracy

What was the Bamburg Conference?

• Meeting at Bamburg, Bavaria

• Hitler met with Strasser and Goeballs

• They were more socialist than Nationalist

• Hitler made them seem like the communists (enemies)

• Goeballs sided with Hitler - Strasser killed off

What were the reasons there wasnt much support for the NSDAP, 1923 - 29?

• Stressemens Rentenmark, Dawes plan, Young plan, all secured Weimers economic state - people trusted this

• Locarno pact + League of Nations — Made Germany seeem respected - people liked the Weimer as it had a say in arguments now

• Hidenburg - convinced to run again - people didnt want a change in leadership - so he was favoured

Why did Nazi support rise suddenly?

• 1928, Stressemen died

• Great depreesion

• Wallstreet crash

What was the wall street crash?

• Wall street share prices fell

• $4000 investors lost

• Germany invested into US ecenomy - so they lost alot of money

• Banks in Germany ran out of money

What were the effects of the Wall street crash?

• Businesses had loans - banks demanded payments

• Business had to close down or minimise production

• 1933 - 6.1 million unemployed

What 3 groups of people were affected by the Wall Street Crash?

• Unemployed - they werent recieving their benefits + taxs were higer - created hardship for the people

• Savers - People who invested into the failed schemes had nothing to fall back on - hit hard

• Homeless - people couldnt afford rent - poeple became homeless and their were fights

What was the Political affect of the Wall street Crash?

• Current Chancellor, Bruning couldnt deal with it

• All solutions he proposed were dismissed

• Resigned May 1932

• People turned to Extremists (KPD and NSDAP)

Which groups supported Hitler?

• Businesses - Communist coming into power meant they would lose everything

• Middle class - prefered German Traditional Values + Private ownership would be abolished

• Lower class - Hitler promised jobs

• Farmers - 25 point progamme - farmers woul keep their private land (before all private land would be taken) - except Jewish Land

3.1 Notes on The creation of Dictatorship

Reichstag Fire

• 27th February 1933, Rechstag ‘

• Van de lubbe found guilty and killed

• Hitler used as an opportunity to blame Communists (Van der Lubbe was a communist)

• 4000 communists arrested on the same night

• Hitler called for another election - 5th March 1933 — needed more Nazi seats

• However before the election, he:

  • Issued degree of pretection - he could ban communist newspaper + imprison political apponants

  • Hitler could allow SA violant SA ACTIVITIES — he controlled the Police Force

  • Raised 1 million marks for Nazi Campaigns

• Hitler won 2 thirds of the seats he could now change the Constitution of the Republic

The Enabling Act

• March 1933, Enabling act porposed

• Stated that Hitler could propose laws that could overrule the Weimer Republic

• The Act was passed - marked the end of the Weime Constitution rule

Removing opposition

Trade Unions

• source of opposition — communists could control the Unions

• They could undermine the Government - strikes

• Hitler (with his power) invaded Offices and arrested Trade Union Officials

• Banned Trade Unions + made stikes illegal

Political Parties

• Attacked the 2 main rival parties - Destroyed the Democractic and Communist parties newspaper + took all funds

• Later in July 1933 — made all partes illegal (Except NSDAP)

• Abolished the Local parlimetns in each region - governers appointed by him - run Germany’s reigions

Night of the Long Knives

• Start of 1924

• Hitler believed Rohm was a threat

• 60% of SA members were loyal to Rohm - he could challenege Hitler

• Rohm against Nazi policies - wanted more Socialist Policies

• When the original army had 100,000 - SA had more

• 1943, Hitler arranged meeting - with Rohm +100 SA leaders

• All arrested and shot

The killing continues

• Hitler sent SS soldiers to Von Papens house + office

• They arrested all his people + sourrounded his house

• Also, Goering announced Rohm had been killed (he was a traitor apparantly)

The death of Hidenburg

• 2 August 1934, Hidenburg died

• Hitler became the ‘Fuhrur’ and gained all power

3.2 Notes on The Police State

• After 1933, the state was a police state - secret police kept peace in the state

• His control on the police force was weak - run by local authorities

• So he set up his own security forces, run by the Nazi party - protect the Party and Hitler

Policing the Police State

• The SS, SD and Gestapo - main oraganisations

The SS

• The Protection Squad

• Run by Heinrich Himmler

• Black Uniforms

• Main role = Hitlers own private force

• 240,000 soldiers

The SD

• The Security Force

• Reinhard = leader

• Uniformed

• Kept records of anyone who was a threat to the Government

The Gestapo

• State Secret Service

• Non-Uniformed

• Under the SS control

• Main role = Identify anyone apossing Nazi Government

• 160,000 members

• Gestapo instilled fear into the public - took people away, killed them or put them in inhumane concentration camps

Concentration camps

• By 1939, 150,000 under ‘protective arrest’ in prisons

• Locked up for going against Nazis approval

• New prisons were created , run by SS or SA

• Camps consisted of:

  • ‘homosexuals or prostitutes

  • Jews (ethnic minorities)

  • Political prisoners - people who could undermine the Government

Controlling the legal system

• No enemy could defy Hitler if he could just charge them in court and always win

Controlling the judges

• Natiolist Socialist League for Maintenece of the Law

• All judges chosen by the Nazis

• They were all biased to Nazi parties

Controlling the courts

• Abolished Trial by Jury

• Set up Peoples Court - they hear all cases of treason

• People who went against ideals were sentenced to death#

• Between 1934 - 1939, 534 peoples death sentence

Controlling Religious Views

• Nazi ideoligies taught discrimination and racism

• Churches preached eqaulity

• Hitler tried working together - ended up using the police state

The Cathlic Church

• A third of Germans were Christian - against Nazism

• Cathlics owed allegiance to the Pope

• Cathlic schools taught different values than Nazi schools

Hitler reached an agreement, however he didnt keep it

• Priests were put into concentration camps

• Cthlic schools became Nazified

Protestant Church

• Some where grateful to Hitler - protected them from Anti-Christian Communists

The Reich Church

• Hitler favoured the Prototent Churches

• Ludwig was the Reich Bishop of Germany

• Protostents who supported hitler - allowed to continue church services

• Jews cannot be baptised + Old Testement be excluded from Bible

How far did Hitler succeed?

• He Nazified the Churches, like he did with the Police and Courts

• Germany slowly becoming a Totalitarian state - One govenment controlling everything

3.3 Notes on Controlling and influencing attitudes

Nazi controlled and influenced the attitudes of the German public, through:

• Censorship - banning information or ideas, to control all attitudes

• Propoganda - Creates these ideas to shape attitudes

Goebbels and propoganda

Key person in Nazi influence and control attitudes.

He used propoganda in Sport, Culture, Media and Art.

Nazi use of the Media

The Press

• Journalists were told what they could publish or not

• The information had to be checked + told what to say sometimes

Radio

• Radio stations broadcasted Nazi propoganda

• Cheap radios sold to the public - 70% of Germany would have Nazi ideas instilled into them

Nazi use of rallies

• Bigger parades and more frequent - gives a sense of Unity and strength

• 200,000 supporters at Nurumberg Ralley

Nazi use of Sport

• Stadiums covered in Nazi symbols

• All sport stars when doing the straight armed salute - paying respect to Nazi State

• Sport victoies = Naiz victoies

The Berlin Olympics of 1936

• Nazi built biggest Nazified Stadium in Berin - holds 110,00 people

• Organised event - shows Nazi efficiency

• 33 medals won - Win for Germany

Nazi control of culture and Arts

• Romantic ideas of strong families

• Nazi ideals portrayed - loyalty and discipline

Art in Nazi Germany

• Glorify the leader + demonize enemies

• Artists created works that depicted Aryan superiority, anti-Semitic themes, and militaristic imagery to influence attitudes and manipulate public opinion.

Architecture in Nazi Germany

• Showcasing Reich Chancellery - convey power, control, and superiority

• Aimed to influence attitudes by instilling a sense of awe and submission in the population.

Music in Nazi Germany

• Jazz music banned - work of black people = inferior

• Music that pushed Nazi ideals accepted — Richard Wagner - songs about Nazi legends

Literature in Nazin Germany

• Verses that didnt allign with Nazi ideals were censored

• 2500 Authors were banned

• 20,000 books burned written by Jews

Film in Nazi Germany

• 250 million total audiences in cinimes - perfect to instil Nazi ideas + propoganda

• Films could show Nazi achievments highlighting Nazi power

• Make Communists look bad

3.4 Notes on Opoosition, resistance and conformity

Support for the Nazi regime

• 38% of votes to Nazi party in July 1932

• For the rest of the 1930s, people accepted the Nazi party and Hitler

• One reason = censorship and propoganda — from Goebbels

• Positive message of Nazi party + nothing bad mentioned

• Another reason = Reduced unemployment in 1930s + achieved several succcesses in foreign policy

Resistance and opposition

• Some resistance of the Nazi party occured

• People disagreed with persecution of Jews, banning political parties and the Trade Union

• However, the amount of opposition wasn’t a clear number — Unions were banned + People scared to appose publically - because of the Gestapo

Opposition from Churches

• Cathlic Bishops swore allegiance + Cathlic schools shut down

• Prototants allowed to join the Reiche Church — many pastors accepted this, some didnt

The Pastors’ Emergency League

• 1933 group of Protostant pastors created the PEL

• They apposed Nazi regime because:

  → Disliked churches joining one International church

  → Nazis banned Jews becoming Christian

The Confessing Church

• 1834, PEL set up Confessing Church - apossing Nazi ideals

• Now 2 Protestant Churches - the Reiche Church + Confessing Church

• 2000 protestants in the Reiche

• 6000 protestants in Confession Church

• 800 were arrested - sent to concentration camps

Cathlic Opposition

• Cathlic Priests spoke out against Nazi ideas

• 400 Imprisoned + put in concentration camps

The limits of Church Opposition

• Many Christians were scared of apposing the Nazis

• So opposition was there, but very limited

The role of Paster Martin Niemoller

• Was an enemy of the Nazis - however not fully apposed to them

• He apposed the Weimer in the 1920s + Votes and supported Hitler as chancelor in 1933

• However he was against Hitler because:

  → Nazi interferance of the Protestant church - He founded the PEL + Confessing church

  → Apossed ban on Jews - they couldnt become Christian + restricitons in 1930

• Was arrested multiple times between 1934 - 37

• Sent to a concentration camp

Opposition from the Young

• Hitler youth and League of German Girls grew — children expected to join

• Some Germans were against this - Nazis controlled everything - no sense of freedom of speech

• This lead to creation of other Youth groups — against Nazi ideals

The Edelweiss Pirates

• Rose in late 1930s — in Working class disctricts

• Mostly boys, had some girls

• Would taunt/attack the Hitler Youth

• Would go on hikes and mock the Hitler Youth

The Swing Youth

• Teenagers from middle class families

• Admired American style - especially music

• Would play illegally imported American songs

• Would organise illegal dances - around 6000 people attended these

Opposition or resistance?

• Up to 1939 resistance was limited by the Pirates and Swing Youth

• Attacks and resistance was very limitied - until WW2 the Pirats physically attacked the Government

• Swing Youth desired wanted freedom from political opposition

• Overall, they werent a massive threat to Germany and Hitler

4.1 Notes on Nazi policies towards women

Nazi views on women and the family

• Nazis believed Women should adopt traditional values, while men are the providers

• Hitler portrayed the role of women = to role of men

Nazi policies towards women

• After Nazis came to power, 1923, they changed policies to women

• Gertrud, appointed as Reich Womens Leader, overseeing all women policies - intended to make all women slaves to Hitler + the German State

• All women organisiations forced to join Germmans Womens Enterprise (DFW) - any refusal = ban

• Eventually had 6 million members

• This allowed Nazis to spread ideas of women - 1939, 1.7 million women ateended women Nzai course subjects

Women, marriage and the family

• 1900, women birth rate had fallen - there were 2 million births annually — by 1933, it had fallen to 1 million annually

• Fewer births meant less potential soliders or workers

• So Nazis introduced new laws to encourage motherhood etc

The Law for the Encouragment of Marriage, 1933

• Loan to get people married - 1000 marks

• The women would have to stop work and care for her children

• For every child born = quarter of the loan taken off

• So 4 children = no more loan

Divorce laws

• 1938, Laws changed

• If a women couldn’t birth a child, or had an abortion, the man would have grounds for divorce

The Mothers Cross

• Women given status for the number of children they had

• Bronze = 5 children

• Silver = 6 or 7

• Gold = 8

• Women like having status - this promted them to have more children

• Hitler Youth would salute Gold medal wearers

Lebensborn

• Law created in 1935 by SS leader, Heinrich Himmler

• Policy provided Financial aid + nurseries for:

  → the encouragment for single women to breed with SS men to create ‘Pure’ and worthy German families

Women and employment

• Nazis wished to reduce women in work - idea of mothers

• Nazi propoganda used to persuade women to become housewives

• Through Posters or though Hitlers speeches encourging this

• Women told to focus on the three Ks - children, kitchen and church

• 1933, Women banned from profesional jobs - by 1934 360,00 women had given up work

• Schoolgirls trained for motherhood

• Grammer schools for girls were banned - Higher education fell from 17,000 to 6000

The appearance of women in Nazi Germany

• Makeup banned + women were made to wear modest clothes

How effective were Nazi policies towards women?

• Fewer women went ot University, Birth rate increased and unemployment fell

• However, some were against this, stating it was demeaning to women - many disliked Gertrud, the Reich Womens Leader

• By the end of 1930s, effects were temporary - windustry wsa expanding and Germany had to use women as workersby 1939, there were 7 million women in work

4.2 Notes on Nazi policies towards the young

The aims of Nazi Policies concerning the Youth

• Nazis believed all parts of society should benifit Germany - Arts. Sport etc

• And they had the same aim for the young people - only aim was to benifit Germany, not whats best for them

• Nazis believed Boys and girls were equal, but had different roles (different policies)

• By securing the younger generation, he would guarantee the future of Germany

The Nazi youth movement

• Before Hitler came into power, 1933 30th January, there were already youth groups

• SPD and Chruch groups

• After Hitler was in power, these were all banned

• More pressure was put on young people to join the Nazi Party Youth

• Secured this — if people wanted to use sport facilities - they would have to join the Hitler Youth

• By 1939, it was compulsory

Nazi youth groups for boys

• 6 - 10 were ‘Little fellows’

• 10 - 14 were ‘German Young People’

• 14 - 18 were ‘Hitler Youth’

The Hitler Youth

Political Training

• Members had to swear an Oath of loyalty

• Attend residential courses - indoctrinated

• They were tuaght about ‘Nazi heros’ and the ‘Evil of the Jews’

Physical Training

• Reguler expeditions

• Sports competitions

Military Training

• Practiced skills like map reading and signalling

• 1938, 1.2 million Hitler Youth had been trained with small arms shooting

Character Training

• activities taught loyalty and comradship

• They would undergo hard exercises and harsh punishments

• This made them obey orders even in hardship

The League of Germans Maids

• 10 - 14 were ‘young maids’

• 14 - 21 were League of German Maidens’

• Girls also went through political training (oaths)

• Character and physical training aswell

• Girls were trained to cook, iron, make beds etc - they didnt perform military training

• Taught ‘racial hygiene’ - to keep the German race pure - only marrying Aryan men (Blong hair, White, Blue eyes)

Did Nazi youth groups achieve Nazi aims?

• Some were enthuesiastic, however, some were less keen - didnt enjoy being forced around

• Many parents felt like they were undermined their Parental Authortity - that childrens Loyalty should lie with the state

Nazi control of the young through education

• 1933, all children in school until 14, boys and girls went to seperate schools - run by the churches or local authority

• This changed when Hitler came to power — Hitler believed children could be indoctrinated easily - would secure Germany’s reign

• ‘The whole purpose of education is to create Nazis’ - 1934, Rust - Education Minister

Nazi control of teachers

• Nazis were allowed to sack teachers or headteachers - Rust sacked over 180 headteachers - weren’t approved of

• All teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty + join Nazi Teachers League - taught Nazi ideas they should support

• By 1939 - 200,000 teachers attended these courses

• Clases were taught Nazi salute, ended with ‘Heil Hitler’

Nazi control of the curriculum

• ‘Racial studies’ - how to classify races + Aryan race was superior

• PE was doubled - to create strong workers

• Girls had to take cooking classes + needlework

• Textbooks had to agree with Nazi values — Treaty of Versailles being wrongful

4.3 Notes on Employment and living standards

Nazi policies to reduce unemployment

• When Hitler became chancellor in 1933 - 5 million were unemployed - This was a priority for Hitler to tackle

  1. Politcally dangourous - If Hitler couldn’t help the unemployed - might turn to KPD

  2. Unemployment would be waste of resources - should be put to work and made useful

Labour Service (RAD)

• National Labour Service - provided work like repairing roads planting trees etc

• 1935, 422,000 had joined the RAD

• Many didn’t support it - pay was low, food wasn’t good and it was Army-like with all the drills and Uniform

Autobahns

• Germany would build 7,000 miles of Dual carriageway roads - improve Transport

• September 1933, first Aautobahn construction started

• 1935, 125,000 men employed building motorways

• Better transport boosted sales in Germany and abroad - creating more jobs - reducing unemployment

Rearmament

• Hitler aimed to boost Germanies armed forces

• Rearmament reduced unemployment through 2 ways:

  1. Treaty of Versailles limited Armed forces - Hitler defied this - By 1939, 1.36 million in the German armed forces - reducing amount of unemployed

  2. 3.5 billion marks spent on Military equipment and arms in 1933 - by 1939, this increased to 26 billion — 72,000 employed in military aircraft construction - reducing unemployment

Invisible Unemployment

• Historians say that unemployment was higher than the figures shown - since Nazis reduced unemployment figues by not counting some parts of society

• Women and Jews forced to give up work - they didn’t count in unemployment figures - therefore ‘reducing’ employment

Overall effect of reducing unemployment

• Nazis reduced over 4 million official unemployed figures

• Done through:

  • Invisible unemployment

  • Providing and creating jobs for the people

  • Supporting jobs with high level of funding - mean’t this would not occure in the long run (26 billion spent on arms)

Changes in the standard of living

• Standard of living — measure of whether peoples lives are getting better or worse

• Sometimes peoples lives can get better but worse at the same time

Employment

• More people worked in 1939 - people enjoyed having a stable source of income

• However, Jews found it hard to find jobs - life was diffficult for them

• People in the RAD disliked their job

Wages

• Overall, german workers wages improved

• From 1936 - 39, wages improved quite quickly - however, some wages improved faster than others

• People in the Armament industry saw a quicker increase in wages compared to the Labour Services

• Also, price of food increased - so wages still got you the same amount of goods — wages bassicly didn’t increase

• High earners would have extra to pay for more luxury

• Lower earners had to do more shifts

Hours worked

• 1933 hours worked was around 43 hours

• By 1939, athough people were making more - they were working on average 49 hours a week

Nazi organisations which affected the standard of living

• Hitler set up a series of organisations to improve the lives of the workers:

  • The Labour Front

  • Strength Through Joy

  • The Beauty of Labour

The Labour Front (DAP)

• Trade Unions were banned in 1933 - to replace this, DAP established

• Protected the rights of workers, kept maximum working hours and minimum pay

• However, some people were better of without it -

  • Workers can’t negotiate pay with employees

  • DAf could punish workers

• Overall, DAF used to control employees and employers - ensures best interests of the state

Stength through Joy

• Loss of Trade Unions - would cause unrest of workers - Kdf would help this

• Kdf provided Leisure activities - make work more enjoyable

• Most hardworking employee won a holiday

• By 1936, 35 million employers joined

Volkswagen - the ‘peoples car’ z

• Also run by the Kdf

• People gace 5 marks per week from the wages - would lend up recieving a car

• Factories ended up changing to Armaments - no one ever saw their car or money

Beauty of Labour (SdA)

• Allowed employees to campaign for better facilities - however all changes would have to be done by employers - with no pay and after working hours

• Some poeple were forced into this

Overall judgement on the standard of living in Nazi Germany

• Its hard to say whether the standard of living improved - some may have benefited whilst others may have not

4.4 Notes on The persecution of minorities

Nazi racial beliefs and policies

Eugenics

• Selective breeding - the best Germans were encouraged to reproduce

• Whilst the ‘unsuitable’ were prevented - they were sterilised - meaning they can’t reproduce

Racial hygiene

• Eugenics is about selective breeding of the ‘best’ parents

• Nazis took this even further - chose one race - ‘Aryan race’ - believed it was superior to all races

• Racial Youth was taught in the Hitler Youth - idea only Aryans will reproduce with each other - pure offspring

• This lead to laws about mixed marriages being prevented

Hitler’s views

• Racial views highlighted in ‘Mein Kamph’

• Stated that Jews and Gypsies were the worst of races - the Aryan race was suprior to all

Anti-Semitism

• Eugenics and Racial hygeine were aimed at Jews

• Anti-semitism increased during the 1930s due to several reasons:

  • People needed people to blame for Germany’s hardships (Treaty of Versailles etc) - based of of very little evidence

  • Hitler hated the Jews - he could freely persue his hate when he came to power in 1933 January 30th

  • Hitlers propoganda influenced views - people persecuted the Jews

The treatment of minorities

Slavs

• Ancient tribes of people who migrated into Europe from the East

• Children were taught they should be treated differently as they were not Aryan

Gypsies

• 26,000 Gypsies in Germany at the time

• Nazis believed they didn’t contribute to society

• After 1933 - Gypsies arrested as social nuisences

• Gypsiers sent to concentration camps - one camp had 600 gypsies in Berlin

Homosexuals

• Nazis believed they lowered moral standard and purity

• 5000 homosexuals sent to concentration camps and died there

• 1934, more than 700 men imprisoned for being Gay

People with disablitlies

• Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring - people who had any abnormality would be steralised

• By 1939, 400,000 people had been steralised

• T4 program - babies with physical disablities would be killed through overdosing - 5000 babies killed

The persecution of the Jews

• 437,000 Jews in Germany, only 1% of the population - 1933

Persecution begins, 1933

• Hitler when he came into power, used education, arts and the press to call Jews vermin

  • Jews were banned from Government jobs

  • Jews banned from inheriting land

  • Jews banned from the army

• Nazis who controlled local council influenced their ideals:

  • Jews were banned from swimming pools and parks

  • Seperate benches provided for Jews

The boycot of Jewish shops and businesses, 1933

• Official Boycot March 30th - SA troops sent to paint Jewish stars outside the Jewish Businesses

The Nuremburg Laws, 1935

• As Nazis came into power, theyre introduced Laws, that increased the persecution of Jews

The Reich Law on Citizenship

• Law stated only people with pure German blood would be classfied as German citizens

• Lost their rights for citizenship + right to vote

The Reich Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour

• Forbade Jews from marrying German citizens + forbade all sexual relations between each other

• Jews had to register all their possesions - so Germans could take it easily

• Jews had to carry identity cards - to make it easier to be persecuted

Kristallnacht (9-10 November 1938)

• A jew shot a German, Von Rath - Goebbels found found out about this and used it to make Jews look bad

• The SA and SS were ordered to attack Synagogues and houses of local Jews

• This escalated when Von Rath died

Hitler gets involved

• Hitler was informed about the situation by Goebbals on the 9th of Nov - they would take it out on the jews

• Nazi leaders encouraged to attack the Jews + their property

• SS informed to arrest all the Jews they could hold

The violence on 9 - 10 Nov

• Gangs smahed + burnt Jewish property + attacked Jews

• 814 shops, 171 homes and 191 synagogues destroyed + 100 Jews killed

The Aftermath

• Goebbals balmed the Jews for Kristallnacht

• Jews would have to pay 1 billion marks to pay for damage

• 20,000 Jews were rounded up + sent to concentration camps

The climax of peacetime persecution

• January 1939 - all Jews evicted from Germany

The role of the German people

• Some Germans may have been against the persecution of the Jews however - Germans were too scared to speak out against them

• However many thought what was being done was justified - supporting it and even taking part in it