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Intelligence

The ability to learn, understand, and apply knowledge and skills.

Intelligence test

A standardized assessment designed to measure a person's cognitive abilities and intellectual potential.

General intelligence

Also known as "g factor," it refers to the overall intelligence that underlies specific mental abilities.

Factor analysis

A statistical technique used to identify the underlying factors or dimensions that contribute to intelligence test performance.

Savant syndrome

A condition in which individuals with developmental disabilities demonstrate exceptional abilities in specific areas, such as music, art, or mathematics.

Grit

The perseverance and passion for long-term goals, often associated with achieving success.

Emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and express emotions effectively, both in oneself and others.

Mental age

A concept introduced by Alfred Binet to compare an individual's cognitive abilities to the average abilities of individuals at different chronological ages.

Stanford-Binet

A widely used intelligence test that measures cognitive abilities in children and adults.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A numerical score derived from intelligence tests that represents an individual's relative intelligence compared to others of the same age group.

Achievement test

A type of assessment that measures a person's knowledge or skills in a specific academic area.

Aptitude test

A test designed to assess a person's potential to learn or perform specific tasks or skills.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A widely used intelligence test designed to measure cognitive abilities in adults.

Standardization

The process of developing uniform procedures and norms for administering and scoring tests to ensure consistency and fairness.

Normal curve

Also known as the bell curve, it represents the distribution of scores in a population, with most scores clustering around the average and fewer scores at the extremes.

Reliability

The consistency or stability of test scores over time or across different test administrations.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Content validity

The degree to which a test adequately samples the content or domain it is supposed to measure.

Predictive validity

The ability of a test to accurately predict future performance or outcomes.

Cohort

A group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience, often used in research to study specific age groups.

Crystallized intelligence

The accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills acquired through experience and education.

Fluid intelligence

The ability to think abstractly, reason, and solve problems independent of prior knowledge or experience.

Intellectual disability

A condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

Down syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in intellectual disability and physical abnormalities.

Heritability

The proportion of individual differences in a trait or characteristic that can be attributed to genetic factors.

Stereotype threat

The fear or anxiety of confirming negative stereotypes about one's social group, which can negatively impact performance in certain situations.

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Charles Spearman

A psychologist known for his work on general intelligence and the development of factor analysis.

L.L

A psychologist who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences and developed the primary mental abilities theory.

Howard Gardner

A psychologist who introduced the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting that intelligence is not a single entity but rather a combination of different abilities.

Robert Sternberg

A psychologist known for his triarchic theory of intelligence, which includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Francis Galton

A pioneer in the field of intelligence testing and the study of individual differences, known for his work on hereditary genius.

Alfred Binet

A psychologist who developed the first modern intelligence test and introduced the concept of mental age.

Louis Terman

A psychologist who adapted and standardized the Stanford-Binet intelligence test for use in the United States.

David Wechsler

A psychologist who developed the Wechsler intelligence scales, including the WAIS, to assess cognitive abilities in children and adults.