PSYCHOMETRICS: Lesson 1-2

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Assessment

Assessment

• The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something

Referral for Assessment

Fill in the blank:

• The process begins with a _ from a source such as a teacher, psychologist, counselor, etc.

Report of the Findings

Fill in the blank:

• After assessment, the assessor writes a _ that is designed to answer the referral questions

Test Content

• This is considered as the subject matter of the test

Test Format

• This is the form, plan, structure, arrangement, layout of test items, and manner of test administration– computerized, paper-and-pencil

Psychometric Soundness Of Tests

• How consistently and how accurately a psychological test measures what it purports to measure

Psychometrics

• It is the science of psychological measurement

Psychometric Test Utility

• Usefulness of practical value that a test or other tool of assessment has for a particular purpose

The Interview

• A method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal exchange

The Portfolio

• A tool of evaluation consisting of samples of one’s ability and accomplishments

Case History Data

• Records transcripts, and other account in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee

Behavioral Observation

• Monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions

The Test Developer and Publisher

• The creators and distribution of test and other methods of assessment

The Test User

• Must be QUALIFIED and also PERMITTED TO PURCHASE

  • Examples: clinicians, counselors, school psychologists, human resources personnel, consumer psychologists, experimental psychologists social psychologists, etc.

The Test Taker

• This party has plenty of issues to consider like

  • Test anxiety, Understanding and agreement with the rationale of the assessment, etc.

Society at large

• Creates needs for new variables to measure

Educational Setting

Assessment Setting

• This assessment setting involves achievement tests and diagnostic tests

Clinical Setting

Assessment Setting

• This assessment setting involves hospitals, in-patient and out-patient clinics, private practice consulting rooms, schools, other institutions

• Mostly individual assessment, with group setting usually for screening

Counseling Setting

Assessment Setting

• This assessment setting involves schools, prisons, government and private institutions

• Measures of social and academic skills, personality, interest, attitudes, values

Geriatric Setting

Assessment Setting

• This assessment setting involves the assessment of quality of life (whether self-report or observed)

• Assessment of cognitive decline

Business and Military Setting

Assessment Setting

• Decision making about careers of personnel

• Achievement, aptitude, interest, motivational tests (affecting decision to hire, promote, or transfer)

Governmental and Organizational Credentialing

Assessment Setting

• This assessment setting involves licensures, certification, membership in organizations

Academic Research Settings

Assessment Setting

• This assessment setting involves measuring variables being explored by the researcher

Achievement Test

• Measuring the amount of learning

Diagnostic Tests

• Tools of assessment used to help narrow down and identify areas of deficit to be targeted for interventions

France

Fill in the blank:

• The earliest use of tests to identify mentally retarded persons stared in _?

Test

• A measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior. (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2018)

Psychological Test

• A set of items that are designed to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behavior. (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2018)

• An objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior (Anastasi and Urbina, 1997)

Psychological Assessment

• The gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished through the use of tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and specially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures.

Psychological Testing

• The process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior. (Cohen and Swerdlik, 2018)

Overt

• A type of measured behavior wherein activity is observable

Covert

• Takes place within the individual and cannot be directly observed (feelings, thoughts)

Individual Test

• A type of test given to one person at a time

Group Test

• A type of test that can be administered to more than one person at a time by a single examiner

Ability Test

• A type of test that contains items that can be scored in terms of speed, accuracy or both

  • Achievement, Aptitude, Intelligence

Personality Test

• A type of test related to the overt and covert dispositions of an individual

  • May be self-report/objective or projective

Standardization

Essential Test Element

• Implies uniformity of procedures in administering and scoring the test

Establishment of Norms

Essential Test Element

• Imply average or normal performance

• Psychological tests have no predetermined standards of passing or failing. An individual’s test score is interpreted by comparing it with the scores obtained by others on the same test.

Objective Measurement of Difficulty

Essential Test Element

• The administration, scoring, and interpretation of scores are independent of the subjective judgment of the individual examiner

• Difficulty level of the test/test item is determined based on objective, empirical procedures.

Reliability

Essential Test Element

• Is the consistency of scores obtained by the same persons when retested with the identical test or with any equivalent form of test

Validity

• The degree to which the test measures what it purports to measure

Item

• A specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly; this response can be stored or evaluated

• It is also described as the specific questions that make up a test

Qualified Examiner

Fill in the blank:

• A _ is needed for the three major aspects of the testing situation.

Test Score

Fill in the blank:

• A _ helps us to predict how the client will feel and act outside the test situation

Rapport

• Refers to the examiner’s efforts to arouse the test taker’s interest in the test, elicit their cooperation, and encourage them to respond in a manner that is appropriate to the test’s objective

Coaching

• An example of this are review centers, focused more on learning How to take the test and not Learning.

Invalidated

Fill in the blank:

• A test score is _ only when a particular experience raises the score without appreciably affecting the behavior domain that the test is designed to measure

Test Sophistication

• An effect of test taking practice

Ancient Greco-Roman

• These writings indicate attempts to categorize people in terms of personality types (i.e., reference to abundance or deficiency in some bodily fluid such as blood or phlegm).

19th Century

• An era wherein strong awakening of interest in the humane treatment of mentally retarded and insane persons

Esquirol

• French physician whose two-volume work made the first explicit distinction between mentally retarded and insane individuals

Seguin

• French physician

• Pioneered in the training of mentally retarded persons

On the Origin of Species

• Released in 1859

• A book wherein Charles Darwin argued that chance variation in species would be selected or rejected by nature according to adaptivity and survival value.

Charles Darwin

• He has spurred interest in individual differences.

• Wrote On the Origin of Species

• According to him, individual differences are of the highest importance, for they afford materials for natural selection to act on.

Francis Galton

• English biologist; Darwin’s half cousin

• Aspired to classify people “according to their natural gifts” and to ascertain their “deviation from the average”

• Credited to be primarily responsible for the launching of the testing movement

Wilhelm Wundt

• In the year 1879, problems studied in their laboratories were concerned largely with sensitivity to visual, auditory, and other sensory phenomena. This was reflected in the nature of the first psychological tests.

• Emphasis on the need for rigorous control of the conditions under which observations were made

James McKeen Cattell

• American psychologist, student of Wilhelm Wundt

• His role model is Francis Galton

• Stimulated his interest in the measurement of individual differences

Herman Ebbinghaus

• German psychologist

• Administered tests of arithmetic computation, memory span, and sentence completion to schoolchildren

Alfred Binet

• French psychologist

• Urged that children who failed to respond to normal schooling be examined before dismissal, and if considered educable, be assigned to special classes

• His advocacy for the cause of mentally retarded children led to the establishment (in France) of a ministerial commission for the study of retarded children

1837

• The year wherein Seguin established the first school devoted to the education of mentally retarded children

1848

• The year wherein Seguin migrated to the USA, made suggestions regarding the training of mentally retarded persons

1884

• The year wherein Galton set up an anthropometric laboratory at the International Exposition, where visitors could be measured on certain variables

1895

• This is the year wherein Alfred Binet and Victor Henri criticized most of the available tests as being too largely sensory and as concentrating unduly on simple, specialized abilities

Use of Language

Fill in the blank:

• The individual’s _ provides the most dependable criterion of his intellectual level

Heredity

Fill in the blank:

• Galton’s initial work on _ was done with sweet peas, in part because there tended to be fewer variations among the peas in a single pod

Mental Test

Fill in the blank:

• Cattell was first to use the term _ in 1890

Psychological Corporation

• Named 20 of the country’s leading psychologists as its directors

• The goal of the corporation was the “advancement of psychology and the promotion of the useful applications of psychology”

Sentence Completion

Fill in the blank:

• Only _, the most complex of the three tests, showed a clear correspondence with the children’s scholastic achievement

1905 Scale

Intelligence Scale

• In collaboration with Theodore Simon

• Also known as the Binet-Simon Scale

• Made use of a standardization sample of 50 children

1908 Scale

Intelligence Scale

• Nearly twice as many items as the 1905 Scale

• Some unsatisfactory tests in the 1905 Scale were eliminated

• All tests were grouped into age levels

1911 Scale

Intelligence Scale

• Third revision, coincided with Binet’s untimely death

• No fundamental changes, more tests added at several year levels, extended to the adult level

Kuhlmann-Binet Revision

Intelligence Scale

• Extended the scale downward to the age of three months (1912)

Stanford-Binet Scale

Intelligence Scale

• Developed by Lewis Terman and his associates at Stanford University

• Standardization sample was increased to 1000

Lewis Terman

• He was the first one to use the term IQ.

E.L. Thorndike

• He spearheaded the first standardized tests for measuring the outcomes of school instruction

1900

• The first standardized tests for measuring the outcomes of school instruction appeared in what year?

1923

• The year where Stanford Achievement Test (Kelly, Rush, and Terman) emerged.

1930

• The year wherein there was a phaseout of essay tests and introduction of test-scoring machines

David Wechsler

• Clinical psychologist at Bellevue Hospital in New York City

• Introduced a test designed to measure adult intelligence

• Defined intelligence as the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with his environment

Robert Woodworth

• He chaired the government’s Committee on Emotional Fitness, tasked to develop a measure of adjustment and emotional stability that could be administered quickly and efficiently to new recruits

Personal Data Sheet

• Developed by Robert Woodworth during World War I, the prototype of the personality questionnaire

• Answerable by yes or no to disguise its true nature

Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

• This known as the the first widely used self-report test

Projective Tests

• These were made to overcome limitations of self-report

• In contrast to structured personality tests, this provided an ambiguous stimulus and unclear response requirements.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

• First published by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 in Switzerland

• Consisted of 10 inkblots with the colors black, gray, red, and various pastels; subjects are asked what the inkblots might be

David Levy

• Who introduced the Rorschach Inkblot Test in the United States?

Sam Beck

• Wrote the first doctoral dissertation using the Rorschach in 1932.

Thematic Apperception Test

• Developed by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan (1935)

• Consisted of 20 pictures, of various scenes, and one blank card

• Subjects are asked to make up a story about the ambiguous scene

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

(write the full abbreviation)

• Who in 1943, introduced the use of empirical methods to determine the meaning of a test response

Factor Analysis

• A method of finding the minimum number of dimensions (characteristics, attributes), called factors, to account for a large number of variables

J.R. Guilford

• He made the first serious attempt to use factor analysis

Post Word War II

• Era wherein there was a development of applied branches of psychology (industrial, clinical, counseling, educational, and school psychology)

• Psychological testing as a unique function of the clinical psychologist

The Current Environment

• Era wherein there was an emergence of several more branches of applied psychology (neuropsychology, health psychology, forensic psychology, and child psychology) – all of which make extensive use of psychological tests

• Psychological testing again grew in status and use

Philippine Psychological Corporation

The Philippine Scene

• Founded in 1962

• The corporation offers psychological services and is the main retailer of psychological tests.

1970s

The Philippine Scene

• In this year, Psychology became the most popular undergraduate major in many colleges and universities.

1982

The Philippine Scene

• In this year, The PAP decided the time has come for quality control in the practice of psychology. It introduced a bill in the Batasang Pambansa that would require practicing psychologists to be licensed.

Republic Act 10029

• What Republic Act gave way to the conduct of licensure exams for Psychologists (RPsy) and Psychometricians (RPm)

2009

The Philippine Scene

• What year was the “Psychology Law” in the Philippines ratified?

2014

The Philippine Scene

• What year was the The first Board Exams conducted for psychologists and psychometricians?

Tele Assessment Procedures

Fill in the blank:

• The Covid-19 pandemic made face to-face assessment a health risk, which led to the rise of _.