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Neolithic Revolution

The shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agricultural communities, starting around 10,000 BCE. Led to increased food production, population growth, and the development of villages.

Hammurabi's Code

One of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, created by Hammurabi of Babylon in the 18th century BCE. Famous for its principle of 'an eye for an eye.'

Mandate of Heaven

The ancient Chinese belief that a ruler's authority came from divine approval. Rulers who governed justly were allowed to continue in power, while those who failed could be overthrown.

Confucianism

A philosophical and ethical system developed in China by Confucius (551-479 BCE), emphasizing social harmony, filial piety, and the importance of education.