SSL101C

1. Academic integrity
3. Critical thinking
4. Intellectual inquiry and communication
5. Ethical contribution

1.1.2.1, Which of the following are some of the core values and expectations of academic culture mentioned by academics 1.2a?
Check 4 options.
1. Academic integrity
2. Freedom
3. Critical thinking
4. Intellectual inquiry and communication
5. Ethical contribution
6. The contingency of knowledge

2. Writing an email to your lecturer at university.
3. Creating a LinkedIn profile.

1.1.2.2, Which of the following actions would need some level of digital literacy?
Check 2 options.
1. Knowing how to set up a personal computer.
2. Writing an email to your lecturer at university.
3. Creating a LinkedIn profile.
4. Reading a book on an e-reader

Beginning an assignment with one opinion, but changing your opinion as you gather and read more information sources with contrary evidence.

1.1.2.3, According to the experts in 1.2b, which of the following is an example of the contribution of information and digital literacy to the values of academic culture?

A. Beginning an assignment with one opinion, but changing your opinion as you gather and read more information sources with contrary evidence.
B. Giving a presentation
C. Cataloging information on a library website.
D. Making a valid argument

1. Complete course readings in advance.
4. Prepare for assignments in advance.

1.1.3.1, What aspects of time management does Jessa Collings say are most important at university?
Check 2 options.
1. Complete course readings in advance.
2. Enroll for classes in advance.
3. Arrive for lectures and tutorials in advance.
4. Prepare for assignments in advance.

Be open-minded.

1.1.3.2, What does Professor Nick Enfield suggest is one of the most important ways for a student to prepare for university?

A. Be open-minded.
B. Be judgmental about what they are studying.
C. Language skills
D. Study skills

How their field understands and presents knowledge.

1.1.3.3, What does Marcella Robertson suggest students notice at university?

A. How their field understands and presents knowledge.
B. University expectations
C. Disciplinary procedures
D. How to be successful at university.

Behaving ethically and responsibly at university.

1.1.4.1, What is academic integrity?

A. Understanding academic culture in its entirety, without being divided into parts.
B. Behaving ethically and responsibly at university.
C. Being honest and not cheating.
D. Displaying the core values of academic culture - honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility - in class.

to behave ethically

1.1.4.2, According to the lecture, universities are not just trying to train you for a job role, but are also trying to prepare you ...

A. to behave ethically
B. to not cheat
C. to not become involved in political scandals
D. to conduct qualitative research

Fairness

1.1.4.3, "Academic communities of integrity value the interactive, cooperative, participatory nature of learning. They honor, value, and consider diverse opinions and ideas. ... In academic environments of integrity, even those who disagree on facts share ... reverence for knowledge and the methods by which it is obtained." (International Centre for Academic Integrity , 2014, pg 24).
Which of the academic values is this referring to?

A. Honesty
B. Trust
C. Fairness
D. Responsibility

Facilitation of academic misconduct of another student.

1.1.5.1, "It's 4.30, and Mary has just taken the final exam for Introduction to Microbiology. She feels pretty confident she did well when she runs into her friend Jane. Jane is in the evening class rather than the afternoon class that Mary is in, and is about to take the exam. She is a little nervous as she hasn't studied enough, so Mary tells her a few of the more difficult questions, and her answers for those questions."
What kind of misconduct is happening?

A. Plagiarism
B. Self-plagiarism
C. Cheating
D. Fabrication or falsification of data or results.
E. Facilitation of academic misconduct of another student.

The contingent nature of academic knowledge.

1.1.5.2, "Knowledge is soon changed, then lost in the mist, an echo half-heard." - Gene Wolfe
What quality of academic culture does this relate to?
(Refer to 1.2)

A. The contingent nature of academic knowledge.
B. The need for evidence to support opinions.
C. The use of research to produce knowledge.
D. The importance of independent learning.

The importance of independent learning.

1.1.5.3, "Most English-speaking cultures stress the role of the individual in society .... This attitude is reflected in the education system. From pre-school onwards, children are encouraged to express themselves in many different ways, and are expected to explore activities, subjects and ideas that interest them." - Jean Brick
What quality of academic culture does this relate to?
(Refer to 1.2)

A. The contingent nature of academic knowledge.
B. The need for evidence to support opinions.
C. The use of research to produce knowledge.
D. The importance of independent learning.

Time management

1.1.5.4, Consider the following situation.
"In Jeong Woo's first semester at university he often forgot to get his course readings done in time, and had to ask for an extension twice for his assignments as he couldn't complete them. In his second semester he became a lot more aware of when he needed to have completed readings and assignments, which resulted in better grades and greater contributions to tutorials."
Which survival skill mentioned in lesson 1.3 does this refer to?
(Refer to 1.3)

A. Time management
B. Collaboration
C. Noticing how your field structures knowledge.
D. Study skills

The importance of finding good evidence to support your argument.

1.1.5.5, Consider the following situation.
"Fatima is writing an essay for her Macroeconomics course on the Great Recession. She is firmly convinced that a lack of government regulation of the financial industry was responsible for the crisis. However, she wants to find some evidence to support her argument before she starts writing."
In lesson 1.2b Michelle Harrison refers to 3 ways that information and digital literacy contribute to the values of academic culture. Which way does Fatima's situation refer to?
(Refer to 1.2b)

A. The importance of finding good evidence to support your argument.
B. The flexibility to change your opinion on an issue based on evidence to the contrary.
C. The ability to identify a problem or research question.
D. The importance of using academic journal databases to find information.

Information

1.2.1.1, (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soc-net-paten-growth-chart.png)
Is the graph above an example of information or knowledge?

A. Information
B. Knowledge

Cultural record

1.2.1.2, An episode of the TV fantasy drama series Dragon's Play.
Is this part of the cultural record or the scholarly record?

A. Cultural record
B. Scholarly record

Secondary source

1.2.1.3, Is a review of the book The Politics of Free Markets in the academic journal Social Forces an example of a primary source, a secondary source, or a tertiary source?

A. Primary source.
B. Secondary source
C. Tertiary source

2. Because they don't provide deep knowledge of a subject
4. Because they present an unproblematic view of a field and don't always present current debates in the field.

1.2.2.1, Why can't we rely just on textbooks as information sources at university?
Check 2 options.
1. Because they are not written by experts.
2. Because they don't provide deep knowledge of a subject
3. Because they are sometimes wrong
4. Because they present an unproblematic view of a field and don't always present current debates in the field.

They are difficult to read because of the expert vocabulary used.

1.2.2.2, Academic journal articles allow us to enter the discussions that define our academic field. However, what is a DISADVANTAGE of academic journal articles?

A. They are too general.
B. They are difficult to read because of the expert vocabulary used.
C. They are shorter than textbooks, and therefore contain less information.
D. They are available on subscription only.

Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References

1.2.2.3, What is the usual structure of a scientific journal article?

A. Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References
B. Abstract, Introduction, Body, Conclusion, References

1. Google
2. library aggregated search
3. YouTube

1.2.3.1, You are doing an assignment on media representations of women in business. Where would be a good place to begin your search?
Check 3 options.
1. Google
2. library aggregated search
3. YouTube
4. An academic database entitled, "Commmunication Source, Focussing on Media Studies".
5. An academic database called JSTOR, which has journal articles from fields such as film studies and literature, sociology and more.

2. academic journal database
3. library website aggregated search

1.2.3.2, Which of the following places will give information sources with greater quality, but with a more limited range of sources?
Check 2 options.

1. Google
2. academic journal database
3. library website aggregated search
4. YouTube

1. Boolean searching
3. Use key words from assignment.

1.2.3.3, According to Pat, how can you search sites such as academic databases more efficiently to get the information you want?
Check 2 options.

1. Boolean searching
2. Precision when looking for academic journal articles.
3. Use key words from assignment.
4. fine-grained searching

Definition of privacy, technology privacy issues for citizens, technology privacy issues for governments

1.2.4.1, Consider the following question.
"You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it" (Scott McNealey, 1999). What is privacy? How have changes in technology made privacy an issue for citizens and governments?
The first step in developing a search strategy is to break the question down into sub-topics. Choose the best set of sub-topics for this question.

A. Definition of privacy, technology privacy issues for citizens, technology privacy issues for governments
B. Historical overview of privacy, technology privacy issues for citizens, technology privacy issues for governments
C. Different cultural definitions of privacy, technology privacy issues for citizens, technology privacy issues for governments

surveillance, computers, civilians, subjects, state, politics

1.2.4.2, Consider the following question.
"You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it" (Scott McNealey, 1999). What is privacy? How have changes in technology made privacy an issue for citizens and governments?
Another important step in developing a search strategy is to develop a set of search terms using synonyms of key words in the question. Choose the best set of synonyms of key terms from the groups below.

A. solitude, computers, civilians, subjects, state, politics
B. surveillance, computers, inhabitants, dwellers, state, politics
C. surveillance, computers, civilians, subjects, state, politics
D. surveillance, machines, civilians, subjects, state, politics

The search is too wide because using OR as a search term widens the search.

1.2.4.3, Consider the following question.
"You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it" (Scott McNealey, 1999). What is privacy? How have changes in technology made privacy an issue for citizens and governments?
A student has run the following search term while researching the question:
"privacy OR citizens OR government OR technology OR politics"
It has returned too many results, many of which are irrelevant. Why?

A. The search is too wide because using OR as a search term widens the search.
B. The student hasn't used synonyms.
C. The student has used too many terms.

privacy AND technology AND (civilians OR citizens OR subjects)

1.2.4.4, Consider the following question.
"You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it" (Scott McNealey, 1999). What is privacy? How have changes in technology made privacy an issue for citizens and governments?
A student wants to research the effects of technology on privacy for citizens. What is the best combination of search terms below?

A. privacy AND technology AND civil*
B. privacy AND technology AND (civilians OR citizens OR subjects)
C. privacy OR technology AND civilian
D. privacy AND technology NOT government

Scholarly record

1.2.5.1, Which record is an article on positive topological entropy in the journal Annals of Mathematics part of?
(Refer to 2.1a)

A. Cultural record
B. Scholarly record
C. Public record
D. Police record

Tertiary source

1.2.5.2, Is a first year visual art textbook called Introduction to Art History an example of a primary source, secondary source, or tertiary source?
(Refer to 2.1b)

A. Primary source
B. Secondary source
C. Tertiary source
D. Quaternary source

Results

1.2.5.3, In which part of an academic journal article would you encounter the findings or outcomes of the research that was conducted?
(Refer to 2.2b)

A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methodology
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. Conclusion

Abstract, Introduction, Body, Conclusion, References

1.2.5.4, Which of these options is the usual structure of a humanities journal article?
(Refer to 2.2b)

A. Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References
B. Abstract, Introduction, Results, Methodology , Discussion, Conclusion, References
C. Abstract, Introduction, Body, Conclusion, References
D. Abstract, Introduction, Body, References, Conclusion

1. Google Scholar
4. An academic journal database called Web of Science which gives broad coverage to journal articles in the sciences.

1.2.5.5, You are an undergraduate pharmacology student researching approaches to protein therapeutics over the last 20 years. Where would you begin your search?
(Refer to 2.4)
Check 2 options.

1. Google Scholar
2. Yahoo
3. An academic journal database called Humanities and Social Sciences Collection which gives broad coverage to journal articles in the humanities and social sciences.
4. An academic journal database called Web of Science which gives broad coverage to journal articles in the sciences.

What you're looking for.

1.2.5.6, What is the most important thing that determines where you look for information sources, according to Pat Norman in lesson 2.3?
(Refer to 2.3)

A. The academic field you're studying.
B. How easy it is to access.
C. How fine-grained you want your information to be.
D. What you're looking for.

3. Because they provide more detailed and specific information on a field.
5. Because they can only be accessed via academic databases.

1.2.5.7, Why do academic journal articles, rather than textbooks or course notes, allow you to enter into the academic conversations of your field?
(Refer to 2.2a)
Check 2 options.

1. Because they contain broad and basic subject knowledge.
2. Because they are written by academics, for other academics.
3. Because they provide more detailed and specific information on a field.
4. Because they use difficult vocabulary.
5. Because they can only be accessed via academic databases.

Textbooks, educational technology, educational leadership, teacher training, parental involvement with education.

1.2.5.8, Consider the following assessment question.
"It is important to remember that educational software, like textbooks, is only one tool in the learning process. Neither can be a substitute for well-trained teachers, leadership, and parental involvement" (Keith Krueger). How important is educational technology?
The first step in developing a search strategy is to break the question down into sub-topics. Choose the best set of sub-topics for this question.

A. Textbooks, educational technology, educational leadership, teacher training, parental involvement with education.
B. Importance of educational software, textbooks, importance of teacher training.
C. Educational software, teachers, leadership, parental involvement.
D. History of educational software, importance of teacher training, importance of educational leadership.

The search is too narrow because using AND and NOT as search terms narrows the search

1.2.5.9, Consider the following assessment question.
"It is important to remember that educational software, like textbooks, is only one tool in the learning process. Neither can be a substitute for well-trained teachers, leadership, and parental involvement" (Keith Krueger). How important is educational technology?
A student has run the following search term while researching the question:
" "educational technology" AND teacher training NOT parent"
It has returned very few results. Choose the best reason why below.

A. The student needs to use Boolean searching.
B. The search is too wide because using NOT as a search term widens the search.
C. The student needs to use synonyms in their search.
D. The search is too narrow because using AND and NOT as search terms narrows the search

technology AND "curriculum change"

1.2.5.10, Consider the following assessment question.
"It is important to remember that educational software, like textbooks, is only one tool in the learning process. Neither can be a substitute for well-trained teachers, leadership, and parental involvement" (Keith Krueger). How important is educational technology?
A student wants to research the importance of technology in curriculum change. What would be the best combination of search terms below?

A. technology OR curriculum AND change
B. technology OR curriculum change
C. technology AND "curriculum change"
D. technology OR curriculum OR change

Clarity

1.3.1.1, Which of the following is NOT a criterion used to judge the credibility of sources?

A. Clarity
B. Scholarly purpose
C. Audience
D. Objectivity

1. A study conducted by an airline company on the relative safety of air travel compared to boat travel.
3. A journal article on the health impacts of a particular fast-food burger that was sponsored by the fast-food chain which makes it.

1.3.1.2, Which of the following may pose a problem for objectivity?
Check 2 options.

1. A study conducted by an airline company on the relative safety of air travel compared to boat travel.
2. A peer-reviewed journal article on the impact of social media on high-school behaviour
3. A journal article on the health impacts of a particular fast-food burger that was sponsored by the fast-food chain which makes it.
4. A journal article on the health impacts of a particular fast-food burger that was sponsored by the World Health Organisation.

1. The authority
2. The source's audience is not academic.

1.3.1.3, Consider our example assessment question.
"Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic perspectives.

A student has found the information source below for example assessment question.

An interview in the 'News' section of National Geographic online with the writer of a book on AI and employment. The writer of the book discusses the economic benefits and drawbacks of AI to the economy. The writer of the article is a professional writer. The article was published in 2015.

What is the problem with the source's credibility?

Check 2 options.

1. The authority
2. The source's audience is not academic.
3. The source lacks accuracy.
4. The source is credible.

3. An article in The Economist on "on-shoring" - factories moving back to developed countries from developing countries due to increased use of automation in factories.
4. A journal article on a new method of programming driverless cars.

1.3.2.1, Consider our example assessment question.
"Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic perspectives.
Which of the following sources would best meet the needs of this assessment?
Check 2 options.

1. A first year textbook called Computing Fundamentals that has a couple of pages addressing artificial intelligence.
2. A course reader from a course called "Robots and the Modernist Imaginary: Social Utopias and Dystopias".
3. An article in The Economist on "on-shoring" - factories moving back to developed countries from developing countries due to increased use of automation in factories.
4. A journal article on a new method of programming driverless cars.

Partly

1.3.2.2, Consider our example assessment question.
""Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic perspectives."

You have found a journal article for your assignment; the abstract of the article is below.

Read the abstract and answer the question below.

"There are increasing policy debates on the efficacy of universal basic income (UBI) within both political and academic circles. These debates have emerged as a response to failures of the welfare state on the one hand, and the threat to employment posed by increasing automation on the other. While issues surrounding introduction and maintenance of the UBI have been explored at some length in sociological and political science literature, economics as a discipline has been slow to enter this discussion. This paper applies a new institutional economic framework to explore the effects of UBI on the economy as well as broader social effects. It shows that while the costs of implementation and the threat of work disincentives are greater than has previously been indicated, the benefits of introducing a UBI far outweigh the drawbacks, particularly when an ongoing decrease in manual and middle class jobs due to automation is assumed. Implications for welfare and social policy are explored."

We need to decide if it is relevant. How useful is this for your assignment?

A. Very
B. Partly
C. Not at all.

Yes

1.3.2.3, Consider our example assessment question.
""Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic perspectives."

You have found a journal article for your assignment; the abstract of the article is below.

Read the abstract and answer the question below.

"This study seeks to explore the educational affordances and constraints of English language teacher robots in Korea. With small but increasing use of AIs in service industries, there is a growing literature on the impact of robots and AI on everyday social interactions in a number of contexts; however, the effects of robots and AIs in educational contexts remain relatively unexplored. This study used ethnographic means to explore the impact of English language teacher robots in 3 primary school settings in Korea. It combined ethnographic non-participant observation with interviews to look at how language teaching could be technologically supported, drawing on the workplace studies of Heath and Luff (2000) to look at how the use of technologically-mediated language instruction offered a new range of affordances and constraints to both students and teachers. Implications for language pedagogy and curriculum development are explored."

Do you think the information will be appropriately explored in this article, and not be too general or too specific to use in our assessment question?

A. Yes
B. No, the information is too general.
C. No, the information is too specific.

Noda et al_2013_robot surgery

1.3.3.1, You would like to save the PLos One article on robot surgery to your computer. The article citation is:

Noda Y, Ida Y, Tanaka S, Toyama T, Roggia MF, et al. (2013) Impact of Robotic Assistance on Precision of Vitreoretinal Surgical Procedures. PLoS ONE 8(1): e54116. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054116

According to lesson 3.3a, what would be the best file name to use?

A. Yasuo_2013_robot surgery
B. Noda et al_2013_robot surgery
C. 20170511_sociology of technology assignment
D. journal.pone.0054116.PDF

170620_STEC1001_Assignment2

1.3.3.2, You are saving a draft answer to our example question. The date is 20th of June, 2017. The assessment is the second assessment for the subject STEC1001 Sociology of Technology. What is the best file name to save it as?

A. 170620_STEC1001_Assignment2
B. 062017_STEC1001_Assignment2
C. Assignment2_STEC1001_170620
D. STEC1001_Assignment2_062017

2018_Quarter 2

1.3.3.3, You have a collection of course notes from your course in Business Communications (BUS1002) from the first year of your undergraduate course in Business Management. You took the course in the second quarter of 2018 and your lecturer was Caroline Ng.

What would be the best name for the top level folder in your university folder hierarchy for this information, according to lesson 3.3b?

A. BUS1002
B. 2018_Quarter 2
C. Caroline Ng
D. Business Communications

2. Assess credibility and relevance.
3. Understand main ideas.

1.3.4.1, What are the two purposes of step one in the three step approach to reading?
Check 2 options.

1. Gain further understanding.
2. Assess credibility and relevance.
3. Understand main ideas.
4. Make detailed notes.

Methodology

1.3.4.2, Which of these parts of an academic journal article would you probably NOT read in great detail?

A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methodology
D. Conclusion

Circle or highlight them for later reference.

1.3.4.3, While reading an information source, what should you do if you find references to other additional relevant information sources?

A. Ignore them.
B. Circle or highlight them for later reference.
C. Immediately look them up.

According to categories based on your research question

1.3.4.4, When you make notes on an information source, how should you organize them?

A. Alphabetically
B. According to categories based on your research question
C. In the order that you read them

1. Authority of the author
3. Scholarly purpose
4. Audience
5. Objectivity
6. The way a web site looks.
8. The use of correct grammar
10. Currency

1.3.5.5, Which of the following can we use to evaluate the credibility of information sources (including web resources)?
(Refer to 3.1a and b)
Check 7 options.

1. Authority of the author
2. Country of publication
3. Scholarly purpose
4. Audience
5. Objectivity
6. The way a web site looks.
7. Clarity
8. The use of correct grammar
9. Reference to tertiary sources
10. Currency

1. Wikipedia
4. National Geographic
5. 2 Hungry Guys - A Sydney Food Blog

1.3.5.2, Which of the following publishers would be considered unreliable for an academic context?
(Refer to 3.1a, b and c)
Check 3 options.

1. Wikipedia
2. Oxford University Press
3. Canadian Journal of Chemistry (peer-reviewed journal)
4. National Geographic
5. 2 Hungry Guys - A Sydney Food Blog

The source lacks currency.

1.3.5.3, Consider our example assessment question.
"Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic perspectives.
A student has found the information source below for example assessment question.
An article by a leading roboticist and thinker in the area of AI that appeared in the scholarly journal AI Magazine in 1984. The article looks at artificial intelligence and employment, specifically looking at the benefits and risks in areas such as defense, education, and business.
What is the problem with the source's credibility?
(Refer to 3.1a)

A. The source's authority
B. The source lacks objectivity.
C. The source lacks currency.
D. The source is credible.

Because the level of difficulty of technical vocabulary in a source reflects the audience the source is aimed at and the complexity of concepts used.

1.3.5.4, If you want to check the relevance of an information source to your assessment question, why is it important to check if it is written at the appropriate level?
(Refer to 3.2a)

A. Because the level of difficulty of technical vocabulary in a source reflects the audience the source is aimed at and the complexity of concepts used.
B. Because sources without appropriately formal language will sound unusual when quoted.
C. Because it means that the topic is explored at an appropriate depth.
D. Because it means that it is related to the topic of your assessment question.

It means the information source is the correct type of source for the assignment (e.g., textbook, primary or secondary source).

1.3.5.5, When checking for relevance, what does it mean if an information source meets the needs of your assignment?
(Refer to 3.2a)

A. It means the information source is part of the scholarly record.
B. It means the information source is the correct type of source for the assignment (e.g., textbook, primary or secondary source).
C. It means that it is in the same academic field that you are studying in.
D. It means that the topic is appropriately explored.

Author's first name

1.3.5.6, Which if the following would probably NOT be a good thing to include in a file name?
(Refer to 3.3a)

A. Author's surname
B. Author's first name
C. Year of publication
D. Name of the article

171205_CSTU1004_Assignment1

1.3.5.7, Imagine you are writing the first essay for a cultural studies unit on Modernism (CSTU1004). The topic is on the influence of the First World War. Your lecturer's name is Associate Professor Di Jones. The date today is 5th December 2017 and it is due on the 10th December 2017. What would be the best name for a draft of this essay, according to lesson 3.3a?
(Refer to 3.3a)

A. 171210_Assignment1_CSTU1004
B. 171210_Jones_Assignment1
C. 171205_CSTU1004_Assignment1

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Title

1.3.5.8, You have found the following article for our example assessment question on AI. Read the following summary of the parts of the article.

Title: Deep learning neural networks to assess human driver's intentions in driverless cars

Abstract: A short summary of the article

Introduction: Explains advance of driverless cars in society. Talks about limitations of driverless cars when assessing the driving patterns of human drivers.
Outlines the purpose of the study - to assess the performance of a deep learning AI system that learns human drivers' intentions through repeated practice driving on roads.

Methodology: Explains the complex set of algorithms in use to learn while driving, and the means by which their performance was assessed via a series of experiments.

Results: Compares the deep learning neural networks performance against other AI systems.

Discussion: Shows how the deep learning neural network being studied leads to improved driving performance.

Conclusion: Outlines areas for further study, and explains relevance of study to development of driverless cars in general.

Which parts would you read first, in order to decide if you will use this information source?
(Refer to 3.4a)
Check 5 options.

Note: We have not included "headings" as an option because, in this case, the headings would just be the names of the sections (Abstract, Introduction, Methodology etc). However, if this was a professional report or contained a number of different sub-headings, then you would read those as well!

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Title

Unintentional plagiarism is when you are not aware of your plagiarism, and intentional plagiarism is when you deliberately copy another's work.

1.4.1.1, What is the difference between unintentional and intentional plagiarism?

A. Unintentional plagiarism is when you are not aware of your plagiarism, and intentional plagiarism is when you deliberately copy another's work.
B. Unintentional plagiarism is done on your own, but intentional plagiarism involves other students.
C. Unintentional plagiarism is when you plagiarise your own work, and intentional plagiarism is when you plagiarise other people's work.
D. Unintentional plagiarism is when some words from the original text are changed, and intentional plagiarism is when nothing from the original is changed.

1. Your own ideas
2. Common knowledge

1.4.1.2, Which of the following would you NOT need to reference at university?
Check 2 options.

1. Your own ideas
2. Common knowledge
3. Someone else's organizing structure
4. Information from another source

Yes

1.4.1.3, Compare the original with a student's paraphrase below.
Original

"AI systems have already become far too complicated for the average person to understand, let alone repair, so there will be new roles created which will require people who can act as intermediaries between computers and humans." (Bollegala, D. (2016, May 5). Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated workforce. theconversation.com. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252)

Student's paraphrase:

The growing use of AI in society does not preclude job growth. There are those that argue that, instead, the use of AI will lead to new forms of employment. For example, because machine learning systems have already become far too complicated for ordinary people to understand or fix, there will be new jobs that will emerge which will require people who can act as mediators between AI systems and humans (Bollegala, 2016).

Has the student plagiarized the original?

A. Yes
B. No

In-text and end-text

1.4.2.1, What are the two places in academic writing where citations appear and must correspond?

A.Footnotes and endnotes
B. Intentional and unintentional citations
C. Referencing system and referencing style
D. In-text and end-text

Footnote

1.4.2.2, What type of referencing system is being used in the text below?

A. End-text
B. In-text citing
C. Endnote
D. Footnote

The writer has given the publication name rather than the author's name.

1.4.2.3, Look at the following in-text citation, using an in-text citing system, in an essay.
There is an error with the in-text citation. What is the problem?

A. The writer has not included a page number.
B. The in-text citation should appear at the beginning of the sentence.
C. The date of publication is not necessary.
D. The writer has given the publication name rather than the author's name.

The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they should have put the 'r' in "recently" in square brackets.

1.4.3.1, Below is an original quote from the Noda et al. article, and also the direct quote as used in a student's essay.
Original quote:

"Recently robot-assisted surgery has broadened its application and has been introduced into the surgical theaters worldwide." (Noda et al., 2013, p. 1)

Student's writing:

Another important innovation has been the advent of robotic surgery, which Noda et al. write has "recently ... broadened its application and has been introduced into surgical theaters worldwide" (2013, p. 1).

Has the student used the quote correctly or incorrectly? If it is incorrect, why?

A. The student's use of the quote is correct.
B. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they have put the in-text citation in the wrong place.
C. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they should have put the 'r' in "recently" in square brackets.
D. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have used ellipses.

Rearrange the order of information from the original.

1.4.3.2, Which of the following is NOT a strategy for paraphrasing suggested by Swales and Feak (2012)?

A. Note the key information.
B. Identify relationships between the key pieces of information.
C. Brainstorm linking phrases and expressions.
D. Rearrange the order of information from the original.
E. Brainstorm synonyms and/or different word forms for key terms & different word order.
F. Think about what you want to say about the claim in the original text.

Softened the claim.

1.4.3.3, Original:
"Recently robot-assisted surgery has broadened its application and has been introduced into the surgical theaters worldwide" (Noda et al., 2013, p. 1).

Student's writing:

Some writers, such as Noda et al. (2013), have written that robotic surgery can now be found in many hospitals around the world.

How has the writer modified the claim of the original in their paraphrase?

A. Strengthened the claim.
B. Narrowed the claim.
C. Increased the claim.
D. Softened the claim.

2. A student uses an information source in an assignment without referencing it.
3. A student buys an essay off the internet.
4. A student borrows another student's essay, rewords and restructures parts of it, and submits it as their own.

1.4.5.1, Which of the following are examples of plagiarism?
(Refer to 4.1)
Check 3 options.

1. A student takes notes into an exam.
2. A student uses an information source in an assignment without referencing it.
3. A student buys an essay off the internet.
4. A student borrows another student's essay, rewords and restructures parts of it, and submits it as their own.

It is an example of plagiarism because the student has not referenced the original information source correctly.

1.4.5.2, Is this student's writing an example of plagiarism?
Original:
"But despite the deeper level of knowledge that our computers will soon acquire, losing our jobs to machines doesn't have to be a bad thing. Letting machines do the bulk of the work means that humans will be freed from routine tasks that computers are better at performing with higher accuracy rates, such as driving cars." Bollegala, D. (2016, May 5). Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated workforce. theconversation.com. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252)

Student:
While there are a number of disadvantages to AI performing formerly human jobs, there are also advantages, such as the handover of routine tasks that are better performed by computers (Bollegala).
(Refer to 4.2, 4.3)

A. It is not an example of plagiarism.
B. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has taken the original idea.
C. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has not referenced the original information source correctly.
D. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has copied the wording of the original text.

It is not an example of plagiarism.

1.4.5.3, Is this student's writing an example of plagiarism?
Original:
"But ethical issues arising from human and AI co-working environments is a real concern. It is one thing getting a face incorrectly recognised in an image uploaded to Facebook, but a totally different matter if cancer is misdiagnosed by an AI, which could very easily happen. After all, computers make mistakes, just as people do." Bollegala, D. (2016, May 5). Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated workforce. theconversation.com. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252

Student's writing:
Other possible implications of AI replacing humans in employment are the ethical concerns that might arise from interaction between the two. Bollegala (2016) points out that possible ethical implications might vary in importance however, with, for example, medical diagnoses outweighing other forms of ethical infractions.
(Refer to 4.1, 4.2, 4.3)

A. It is not an example of plagiarism.
B. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has taken the original idea.
C. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has not included the page number in the in-text citation.
D. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has copied the wording of the original text.

They have copied distinctive words and phrases.

1.4.5.4, Why is this student's writing an example of plagiarism?
Original:
"AI systems have already become far too complicated for the average person to understand, let alone repair, so there will be new roles created which will require people who can act as intermediaries between computers and humans." Bollegala, D. (2016, May 5). Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated workforce. theconversation.com. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252)

Student's paraphrase:
The growing use of AI in society does not preclude job growth. There are those that argue that, instead, the use of AI will lead to new forms of employment. For example, because machine learning systems have already become far too complicated for ordinary people to understand or fix, there will be new jobs that will emerge which will require people who can act as mediators between AI systems and humans (Bollegala, 2016).
(Refer to 4.1, 4.3)

A. They have used a distinctive idea without referencing.
B. They have used a distinctive structure without referencing.
C. They have copied distinctive words and phrases.
D. They have copied data from a particular source.

In-text citing

1.4.5.5, What referencing system is used in the following example of student writing?
In text
Other possible implications of AI replacing humans in employment are the ethical concerns that might arise from interaction between the two. Bollegala (2016) points out that possible ethical implications might vary in importance with, for example, medical diagnoses outweighing other forms of ethical infractions.
End text
Bollegala, D. (2016) Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated workforce. theconversation.com. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252)
(Refer to 4.2)

A. Endnote
B. Footnote
C. In-text citing
D. Vancouver style

Endnote

1.4.5.6, What referencing system is used in the following example of student writing?
In-text
Other possible implications of AI replacing humans in employment are the ethical concerns that might arise from interaction between the two. Bollegala points out that possible ethical implications might vary in importance with, for example, medical diagnoses outweighing other forms of ethical infractions4.
End text
4 Ibid., loc cit.

(Refer to 4.2)

A. Endnote
B. Footnote
C. In-text citing
D. APA style

The student has referenced correctly.

1.4.5.7, The following example of in-text and end-text writing is from a student using an endnote referencing system. The first and third references are to the Noda et al. (2013) article, and the second is from the Bollegala (2016) article. Has the student referenced correctly?

In-text:
There are also potential benefits to the use of artificial intelligence in medical contexts. Researchers report that robotic surgery can be used to assist in areas such as eye surgery, which requires a high level of detailed work in a small area5. Despite the potential for issues with ethics becomes greater with these uses6, examples of robotic surgery such as these are commonly found in hospitals around the world5.

End-text:
5. Noda Y, Ida Y, Tanaka S, Toyama T, Roggia M, Tamaki Y et al. Impact of Robotic Assistance on Precision of Vitreoretinal Surgical Procedures. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):e54116.
6. Bollegala D. Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated workforce [Internet]. The Conversation. 2016 [cited 9 June 2016]. Available from: http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252

Has the student referenced correctly?
(Refer to 4.2)

A. The student has referenced correctly.
B. The student has not referenced correctly because they should use the word 'ibid.' in the end-text referencing list.
C. The student has not referenced properly because the end-text references should be in alphabetical order.
D. The student has not referenced properly because the in-text references should be listed as 5, 6 and 7.

The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have used ellipses.

1.4.5.8, Below is an original quote from the Noda et al. article, and also the direct quote as used in a student's essay.
Original quote
"Recently robot-assisted surgery has broadened its application and has been introduced into the surgical theaters worldwide." (Noda et al., 2013, pg 1)
Student's writing
Another important innovation has been the advent of robotic surgery, which Noda et al. (2013, pg 1) write "has been ... introduced into surgical theaters worldwide".
Has the student used the quote correctly or incorrectly? If it is incorrect, why is it correct?
(Refer to 4.3a)

A. The student's use of the quote is correct.
B. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they have put the in-text citation in the wrong place.
C. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they should have capitalized the 'h' in "has".
D. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have used ellipses.

The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have capitalized the 'i' in "Intermediaries".

1.4.5.9, Below is an original quote from the Bollegala article, and also the direct quote as used in a student's essay.
Original quote:
"AI systems have already become far too complicated for the average person to understand, let alone repair, so there will be new roles created which will require people who can act as intermediaries between computers and humans" (Bollegala, 2013).

Student's writing:
Due to the high levels of complexity in AI systems, there will be increasing numbers of jobs in the future for "... Intermediaries between computers and humans" (Bollegala, 2013).

Has the student used the quote correctly or incorrectly? If it is incorrect, why?
(Refer to 4.3a)

A. The student's use of the quote is correct.
B. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they have put the in-text citation in the wrong place.
C. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have capitalized the 'i' in "Intermediaries".
D. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have used ellipses.

It is not a good summary because the writer has misunderstood the original source.

1.4.5.10, Is the following indirect quote from the Noda et al. article a good summary?
Original
"In conclusion, through the in-vitro evaluation of robot-assisted vitreoretinal surgical procedures compared to manual procedures, benefits of robotic assistance for the sophisticated vitreoretinal surgeries was confirmed" (Noda et al., 2013, p. 5).
Summary
According to Noda et al. (2013), research confirms the benefits of robotic intervention in in-vitro fertilization procedures.
(Refer to 4.3b)

A. It is a good summary.
B. It is not a good summary because it is too short.
C. It is not a good summary because it incorrectly references the original information source.
D. It is not a good summary because the writer has misunderstood the original source.

University students are exempt from copyright laws.

1.5.1.1, Which of the following statements about copyright are NOT true?

A. Copyright is a moral right.
B. Copyright is an economic right.
C. Copyright laws vary from country to country.
D. University students are exempt from copyright laws.

They are for personal research only.

1.5.1.2, What is generally the rule regarding student's use of academic journal articles downloaded from paid databases?

A. They can only be read on library computers.
B. They are for personal research only.
C. They can only be shared with students by academic staff at university.
D. You first need to get a database license before you can access or use them.

1. Make sure you understand the copyright license.
2. Cite it properly.

1.5.1.3, What should you do if you use intellectual property in your work at university and you are not the copyright owner?
Check 2 options.

1. Make sure you understand the copyright license.
2. Cite it properly.
3. Apply a Creative Commons license to your work.
4. Use the work for non-commercial uses only.

Because using Creative Commons licensed content can reduce your chances of infringing copyright law.

1.5.1.4, Why is it useful for a university student to know about Creative Commons licensing?

A. Because using Creative Commons licensed content can reduce your chances of infringing copyright law.
B. Because Creative Commons licensed material can be freely used and remixed into your own work.
C. Because Creative Commons licensing is the most common form of copyright licensing for university material.
D. Because Creative Commons is best kind of licensing to be applied to university assignments.

An online network of people and information sources that can assist your learning.

1.5.2.1, Which of the following statements best describes a personal learning network?

A. An online network of people and information sources that can assist your learning.
B. A network of students that help each other with university assessments.
C. A social network that involves you in the main discussions in your field.
D. A network of people and information sources.

It means to cut people out of personal learning network if you don't find their contributions useful.

1.5.2.2, What does it mean to 'prune' your personal learning network?

A. It means to reduce the number of information sources you receive.
B. It means to cut people out of personal learning network if you don't find their contributions useful.
C. It means to reduce the number of devices you use to access your personal learning network.
D. It means to reduce the number of apps you use as part of personal learning network.

Personal data shared online through social networking services.

1.5.3.1, Which is the best way to describe your online 'social identity'?

A. Personal data shared online through social networking services.
B. a positive image of your professional experience online
C. Information you give about yourself while completing transactions online.
D. your bio on Twitter, Facebook and Linkedin

1. expect unexpected audiences
3. Treat video, audio and images like text.
4. Have a public profile that you maintain.

1.5.3.2, Which of the following are ways to take control of your online identity?
Check 3 options.

1. expect unexpected audiences
2. Set up a LinkedIn profile.
3. Treat video, audio and images like text.
4. Have a public profile that you maintain.
5. Email lecturers and introduce yourself.

A mum and a wife with a cool day job writing children's books.

1.5.3.3, Which of these Twitter bios is best?

A. Passionate pop culture enthusiast. Social media junkie. Avid blogger. Retweets do not mean endorsements.
B. I am a researcher focusing on the DNA of earthworms and trying to apply their genetic adaptations to use with human DNA.
C. Creative. Dynamic. Motivated.
D. A mum and a wife with a cool day job writing children's books.

2. Respect other people's privacy.
5. Forgive others' mistakes.

1.5.4.1, Which of the following are some of Shea's (2005) Netiquette recommendations?
Check 2 options.

1. Keep emails short and concise.
2. Respect other people's privacy.
3. Don't use emojis.
4. Respond quickly to emails.
5. Forgive others' mistakes.

1. Don't use text speak.
2. Don't use emojis.
3. Never write an email when you are upset or angry.
6. Be formal.
7. Be specific and concise.

1.5.4.2, Read the following email from a student to her lecturer.
To: [e-mail]
From: [e-mail]
Subject:
Hey prof,
I'm Chantelle Thomas from your Accounting 102 course "Management Accounting.' I've really enjoyed the course, and I think some of your lectures are really funny. Some of the activities in tutorial are a bit difficult though 😵
Anyway, I want an extension for the second assignment that's due on Friday. I can give it to you the next Monday cos I'll have time 2 write it on the weekend.
Thanks,
Chantelle
What rules from lesson 5.4b on writing emails has Chantelle broken?
Check 5 options.

1. Don't use text speak.
2. Don't use emojis.
3. Never write an email when you are upset or angry.
4. Always include a subject.
5. Introduce yourself.
6. Be formal.
7. Be specific and concise.

Reference posts.

1.5.4.3, Which of the following should you do when participating in reflection/debate forums?

A. Be formal.
B. Write between 250-300 words.
C. Not be subjective.
D. Reference posts.

A student using images from the internet, downloaded from National Geographic online without permission, for their assignment.

1.5.5.1, Which of the following situations would be an infringement of copyright law?
(Refer to 5.1a)

A. A university Dramatic society producing a play. The play was specifically written by a student for the production.
B. Science students marketing a product they developed at university.
C. A student making a few photocopies from a university library book for his or her own study purposes.
D. A student using images from the internet, downloaded from National Geographic online without permission, for their assignment.

2. Check the copyright license on any image you find to see if you can use it.
4. It is OK to use images with Creative Commons licensing as long as you change them in some way.

1.5.5.2, Bashir is creating a PowerPoint for an assessed presentation at university. He would like to illustrate some of his points using images from the web. Which of the following pieces of advice would you give to Bashir so that he doesn't infringe copyright?
(Refer to 5.1b)
Check 2 options.

1. You can use any images from the web as long as you cite them correctly.
2. Check the copyright license on any image you find to see if you can use it.
3. Try to use images with Creative Commons licensing which allow reuse.
4. It is OK to use images with Creative Commons licensing as long as you change them in some way.

1. A blog with interesting posts written by academics, although only a few of them are about Economics.
3. The Facebook profile of a fellow Economics student who always gets good marks at university.
4. The Twitter feed of a well-known publication that posts interesting economics statistics.

1.5.5.3, You are studying Economics at university, and you are interested in developing your Personal Learning Network (PLN). Which of the following would be good to include in your PLN?
(Refer to 5.2)
Check 3 options.

1. A blog with interesting posts written by academics, although only a few of them are about Economics.
2. The Twitter feed of the Finance Minister of your country; however, you think politics is really dull.
3. The Facebook profile of a fellow Economics student who always gets good marks at university.
4. The Twitter feed of a well-known publication that posts interesting economics statistics.

1. The Twitter feed of a Nobel prize winning economist who never posts anything.
3. Following the Facebook posts of a political party because you wanted to see updates on economic policy, although you hate politics and it bores you.

1.5.5.4, You are studying Economics at university. You would like to 'prune' your PLN. Which of the following items should you remove, according to lesson 5.2?
(Refer to 5.2)
Check 2 options.

1. The Twitter feed of a Nobel prize winning economist who never posts anything.
2. The Tumblr blog post feed of a fellow student who posts strange and wonderful posts on all kinds of subjects, including Economics.
3. Following the Facebook posts of a political party because you wanted to see updates on economic policy, although you hate politics and it bores you.
4. The Twitter feed of one of your tutors who posts controversial articles that challenge many of the core assumptions of mainstream economics.

1. Your log in details for eBay
3. Your online banking account

1.5.5.5, Which of the following are examples of your transactional identity online?
(Refer to 5.3a)
Check 2 options.

1. Your log in details for eBay
2. Your LinkedIn profile
3. Your online banking account
4. An email discussion list for people in the same industry
5. Your Facebook account
6. Your Instagram account

2. Your LinkedIn profile
4. An email discussion list for people in the same industry

1.5.5.6, Which of the following are examples of your professional identity online?
(Refer to 5.3a)
Check 2 options.

1. Your log in details for eBay
2. Your LinkedIn profile
3. Your online banking account
4. An email discussion list for people in the same industry
5. Your Facebook account
6. Your Instagram account

Science geek and PhD candidate at USyd. I shoot very small lasers into very small crystals.

1.5.5.7, Michaela Wen is a PhD student at the University of Sydney. His PhD topic is about exploring the use of a new type of neutron beam to map small crystalline solids. He is setting up a Twitter account. What is the best Twitter bio for him?
(Refer to 5.3b)
Check one option.

A. Science geek and PhD candidate at USyd. I shoot very small lasers into very small crystals.
B. PhD candidate at the University of Sydney researching the efficacy of neutron beams to elucidate the structure of crystalline solids.
C. Science geek. Crystallography guru. Avid cyclist.
D. Motivated. Committed. Passionate.

It is not well-written because it is not concise.

1.5.5.8, Consider the following email from a student to his lecturer.

"Dear Dr Archer,
My name is Kosta Poulos and I am a student in your APPSCI 102 course Exercise Science 2. I am writing to inform you that I will unfortunately be late to tomorrow's tutorial. I am a member of the Cronulla Sharks under-21s third grade side, and we are currently 2nd on the league table. However, we have an important game on Saturday with the no. 1 team, and because of this we will have a late training session the night before. The training session will run late, and I have never been good at waking up early, so I will need to sleep in. As a result I will be late to the tutorial. If there's anything important that I will miss, could you please let me know somehow. Thank you for your understanding.
Best regards,
Kosta"

Is the email well-written? Why or why not?
(Refer to 5.4b, 5.4c)

A. It is well-written.
B. It is not well-written because it is too informal.
C. It is not well-written because Kosta didn't say 'thank you'.
D. It is not well-written because it is not concise.

Yes, it is well-written.

1.5.5.9, Consider the following post on a reflection/debate forum in an Education subject.

Discussion question: What is your view on Vygotsky's notion of the zone of proximal development? Can you relate it to any examples in your own life?

Student 109573: I think Vygotsky's (1930) notion of proximal development is a great way to understand education and how we might better support learning. It also moves away from a very individual or cognitive notion of education towards a more social model. It also gives greater importance to the role of teachers or other experts in children's development compared to other thinkers such as Piaget (1926), where the emphasis is much more on the individual development of the child. It is also certainly evident in my life, particularly in learning Chinese. I grew up in a large country town with almost no Chinese people in it, so I was unable to learn Chinese naturally. However my Chinese high school teacher effectively scaffolded my Chinese language learning so that I took it as subject in my university entrance exams. Without that scaffolding I would never have reached that level of use or expertise.

Is the discussion board entry well-written? Why or why not?
(Refer to 5.4d)

A. Yes, it is well-written.
B. No, it is not well-written because it is too informal.
C. No, it is not well-written because it doesn't refer to course content.
D. No, it is not well-written because it is too short.

Yes, it is well-written.

1.5.5.10, Consider the reply to the previous post on a reflection/debate forum in an Education subject.

Discussion question: What is your view on Vygotsky's notion of the zone of proximal development? Can you relate it to any examples in your own life?

Student 109573: I think Vygotsky's (1930) notion of proximal development is a great way to understand education and how we might better support learning. It also moves away from a very individual or cognitive notion of education towards a more social model. It also gives greater importance to the role of teachers or other experts in children's development compared to other thinkers such as Piaget (1926), where the emphasis is much more on the \>individual development of the child. It is also certainly evident in my life, particularly in learning Chinese. I grew up in a large country town with almost no Chinese people in it, so I was unable to learn Chinese naturally. However my Chinese high school teacher effectively scaffolded my Chinese language learning so that I took it as subject in my university entrance exams. Without that scaffolding I would never have reached that level of use or expertise.

Student 285727: I agree. Vygotsky's (1930) ZPD idea is very useful. I think of my soccer training in relation to this. My coach used to mix up the younger players with the older players so that the younger players could learn from the more experienced players.

Is the discussion board entry well-written? Why or why not?
(Refer to 5.4d)

A. Yes, it is well-written.
B. No, it is not well-written because it is too informal.
C. No, it is not well-written because it doesn't refer to course content.
D. No, it is not well-written because it is too short.

The process of figuring out the answer(s) or solution(s) to a question, issue or difficulty.

2.1.2.1, What is problem-solving?
Check one option.
(a). Working with numbers.
(b). The process of figuring out the answer(s) or solution(s) to a question, issue or difficulty.
(c). Being highly critical of academic work.