Chapter 4: Crime-Scene Reconstruction

_________ is the method used to support a likely sequence of events at a crime scene by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence and statements made by individuals involved with the incident.

Reconstructing the circumstances of a crime scene is a team effort that may include the help of law enforcement personnel, medical examiners, and _________.

Violent contact between individuals at a crime scene frequently produces bleeding and results in the formation of _________.

The proper interpretation of bloodstain patterns necessitates carefully planned _________ using surface materials comparable to those found at the crime scene

Bloodstain patterns may convey to the analyst the location and movements of _________ or _________ during the commission of a crime.

True or False: Harder and less porous surfaces result in less spatter, whereas rough surfaces result in stains with more spatter and serrated edges.

Generally, bloodstain diameter (increases, decreases) with height. _________

The _________ and _________ of blood striking an object may be discerned by the stain’s shape.

 A drop of blood that strikes a surface at an angle of impact of approximately 90 degrees will be close to (elliptical, circular) in shape. _________

The angle of impact of an individual bloodstain can be estimated using the ratio of _________ divided by _________.

_________ is the most common type of blood spatter found at a crime scene and is produced when an object forcefully contacts a source of blood.

True or False: Forward spatter consists of the blood projected backward from the source, and backspatter is projected outward and away from the source.

The _________ is the point on a two-dimensional plane from which the drops originated.

The _________ of a bloodstain pattern in a three-dimensional space illustrates the position of the victim or suspect when the stain-producing event took place.

The _________ method is used at the crime scene to determine the area of origin.

A(n) _________ is created by contact between a bloody object and a surface.

Movement of a bloody object across a surface, (lightens, darkens) as the pattern moves away from the point of contact

True or False: Footwear transfer stains created by an individual who was running typically show imprints with more space between them compared to those of an individual who was walking.

True or False: The direction of a flow pattern may show movements of objects or bodies while the flow was still in progress or after the blood had dried.

The approximate drying time of a(n) _________ of blood determined by experimentation is related to the environmental condition of the scene and may suggest how much time has elapsed since its deposition.

The edges of a bloodstain generally _________ within 50 seconds of deposition and are left intact even if the central area of a bloodstain is altered by a wiping motion.

A(n) _________ pattern commonly originates from repeated strikes from weapons or fists and is characterized by an arc pattern of separate drops showing directionality.

True or False: Characteristics of a cast-off pattern cannot give clues as to the kind of object that was used to produce the pattern.

When an injury is suffered to an artery, the pressure of the continuing pumping of blood projects blood out of the injured area in spurts creating a pattern known as _________.

If a(n) _________ pattern is found at a scene, it may show movement, lead to a discarded weapon, or provide identification of the suspect by his or her own blood.

A bloodstain pattern created by _________ features bubbles of oxygen in the drying drops and may be lighter in color when compared to impact spatter.

The shape and size of the blank space, or _________, created when an object blocks the deposition of spatter onto a surface and is then removed may give a clue as to the size and shape of the missing object or person.

True or False: Each bloodstain pattern found at a crime scene should be noted, studied, and photographed.

When documenting bloodstain patterns, the _________ involves setting up a grid of squares of known dimensions over the entire pattern and taking overview, medium-range, and close-up photographs with and without the grid.

The _________ method of bloodstain documentation involves setting up a border of rulers around the pattern and then placing a small ruler next to each stain to show relative position and size in photographs.

True or False: The pointed end of a bloodstain always faces toward its direction of travel.