Midterm 1 LOs

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 42

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

43 Terms

1

What are the early sources of drugs according to the history of pharmacology?

Early drugs were derived from plants, including cannabis, cocaine, and opioids.

New cards
2

Who established the pharmacopoeia list of medicinal drugs?

Dioscorides established the pharmacopoeia during the 1st century.

New cards
3

What is pharmacology?

It is the study of drugs.

New cards
4

What does pharmacokinetics study?

Pharmacokinetics is the study of what the body does to drugs.

New cards
5

What does pharmacodynamics study?

Pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body.

New cards
6

Define receptor in the context of pharmacology.

A receptor is a macromolecule whose biological function changes when a drug binds to it.

New cards
7

What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?

An agonist has both an affinity for a receptor and intrinsic activity, while an antagonist has an affinity but no intrinsic activity.

New cards
8

What are spare receptors?

Spare receptors are extra receptors that increase the sensitivity of the tissue to a given drug.

New cards
9

What does Kd signify in pharmacology?

Kd is the concentration of a drug that occupies 50% of receptors at equilibrium; a high Kd indicates low affinity.

New cards
10

What is EC50?

EC50 is the concentration of a drug that elicits 50% of the maximal response.

New cards
11

What is the therapeutic index?

The therapeutic index is the ratio of the toxic dose (TD50) to the therapeutic dose (ED50) of a drug.

New cards
12

What is the effect of allosteric interactions?

Allosteric interactions can inhibit binding of an agonist or potentiate binding, involving alternative sites on the receptor.

New cards
13

Give an example of an allosteric modulator and its action.

Benzodiazepines, like diazepam, potentiate the actions of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at its receptor.

New cards
14

What is downregulation in terms of receptor activity?

Downregulation occurs when a tissue is persistently stimulated by an agonist, leading to a reduction in the number of receptors.

New cards
15

What factors influence drug absorption?

Molecular size, gastric emptying time, food interactions, and intestinal transporters influence drug absorption.

New cards
16

What is bioavailability?

Bioavailability is the fraction of a drug that reaches systemic circulation.

New cards
17

What happens to a drug's clearance in enzyme inhibition?

Enzyme inhibition reduces metabolism and increases drug levels in the body.

New cards
18

What is pharmacogenetics?

Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic variations influence an individual's response to drugs.

New cards
19

Describe a fusion protein in drug therapy.

Fusion proteins are created by merging different proteins, such as a receptor linked to an antibody fragment, to target specific disease areas.

New cards
20

What are the potential risks of gene therapy?

Risks include Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) and off-target effects which may unintentionally modify unintended genes.

New cards
21

What is the significance of half-life in pharmacokinetics?

Half-life is the time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%, affecting dosing frequency.

New cards
22

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

They are lab-made antibodies that target specific proteins, often used in cancer and autoimmune diseases.

New cards
23

What is one drawback of monoclonal antibodies?

High cost, as monoclonal antibodies can be ten times more expensive than traditional drugs.

New cards
24

What role does the liver play in drug metabolism?

The liver is the primary site for drug metabolism, converting lipophilic compounds into hydrophilic substances for excretion.

New cards
25

What is the significance of the first-pass effect?

The first-pass effect refers to the metabolism of a drug by the liver before it reaches systemic circulation, often reducing its bioavailability.

New cards
26

What is the main function of cytochrome P450 enzymes?

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are crucial in the metabolism of many drugs, facilitating their breakdown and elimination from the body.

New cards
27

How do transport proteins affect drug distribution?

Transport proteins can enhance or inhibit the uptake and distribution of drugs across cell membranes, influencing their therapeutic efficacy.

New cards
28

What does the term 'therapeutic window' refer to?

The therapeutic window is the range of drug doses that produce the desired effect without causing toxicity.

New cards
29

What is a loading dose?

A loading dose is an initial higher dose of a drug given to rapidly achieve the desired concentration in the bloodstream.

New cards
30

What are the common routes of drug administration?

Common routes include oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and inhalation.

New cards
31

What does 'pharmacovigilance' involve?

Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring the effects of drugs after they have been approved for use to ensure their safety and efficacy.

New cards
32

How does chronic drug use affect receptor sensitivity?

Chronic drug use can lead to receptor desensitization, reducing the effectiveness of the drug over time.

New cards
33

What is the impact of age on pharmacokinetics?

Age can significantly affect pharmacokinetics; elderly patients may experience altered absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.

New cards
34

What is the primary purpose of pharmacology?

The primary purpose of pharmacology is to study how drugs interact with biological systems and their effects on the body.

New cards
35

What are therapeutic drugs?

Therapeutic drugs are medications used to treat medical conditions and improve health.

New cards
36

What is a drug's mechanism of action?

A drug's mechanism of action describes how it produces its effects on the body at the cellular or molecular level.

New cards
37

What does 'ADME' stand for in pharmacology?

ADME stands for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion, which are the processes that determine drug behavior in the body.

New cards
38

What role do enzymes play in drug metabolism?

Enzymes facilitate the chemical reactions that modify drugs, making them easier to excrete from the body.

New cards
39

What is the significance of drug interactions?

Drug interactions occur when one drug affects the action of another, potentially leading to increased side effects or reduced efficacy.

New cards
40

What are over-the-counter (OTC) drugs?

Over-the-counter drugs are medications available without a prescription, used to treat common ailments.

New cards
41

Define prescription drugs.

Prescription drugs are medications that require a doctor's authorization for dispensing and use.

New cards
42

What is the purpose of clinical trials in drug development?

Clinical trials are conducted to test the safety and efficacy of a new drug before it can be approved for general use.

New cards
43

What is a contraindication in pharmacology?

A contraindication is a specific situation or condition where a certain drug should not be used due to potential harm.

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
899 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 32 people
794 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
28 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 103 people
856 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
761 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
693 days ago
4.5(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 39 people
953 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 11 people
776 days ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (33)
studied byStudied by 3 people
792 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (62)
studied byStudied by 5 people
765 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 10 people
56 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 5 people
171 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 115 people
507 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 12 people
468 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 2 people
661 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 38 people
8 days ago
5.0(1)
robot