APUSH Unit 6

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone, which revolutionized communication.

Henry Bessemer

Developed the Bessemer process for mass-producing steel, crucial for industrialization.

Edison

made significant contributions to the development of electric power generation and distribution systems.

Otis

invented the safety elevator, transforming urban architecture and enabling the construction of skyscrapers.

Mail-order catalogs

Sears, Roebuck and Company pioneered the use of ________, making goods accessible to rural Americans.

Vanderbilt

Cornelius ________ was a prominent figure in the railroad industry, consolidating and expanding rail networks.

Rebate

A discount or refund given back to the buyer, often used by railroad companies to attract customers and gain competitive advantage.

Pools

Agreements among competing businesses to fix prices and divide markets, often used in industries like railroads.

J.P. Morgan

A powerful financier who played a significant role in consolidating industries through mergers and acquisitions.

Interlocking directorates

Practice where executives from one company serve on the boards of directors of other companies, facilitating collusion and control.

Carnegie

Andrew __________ built one of the largest steel empires in the world through vertical integration and aggressive business tactics.

Rockefeller

John D. __________ established Standard Oil, dominating the oil industry through horizontal integration and monopolistic practices.

Trust

A legal arrangement where one party holds property or assets for the benefit of another, often used to consolidate control in industries.

Horizontal integration

The consolidation of many firms in the same business, leading to the formation of monopolies or oligopolies.

Vertical integration

The control of all aspects of production, from raw materials to distribution, within a single company.

Laissez-faire

Economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy.

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwinian principles to human society, often used to justify economic inequality and laissez-faire capitalism.

Knights of Labor- Powderly

was a prominent labor union, led by Terence __________, advocating for workers' rights and social reform.

American Federation of Labor-Gompers

The AFL, led by Samuel __________, focused on specific workers' issues like higher wages and better working conditions, distinct from broader social reform.

Haymarket, Pullman, Homestead Strikes

Notable labor strikes reflecting workers' struggles for better conditions, wages, and the right to organize.

Old immigrants

Immigrants who arrived in the U.S. before the 1880s, primarily from Western Europe.

New immigrants

Immigrants who arrived in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, predominantly from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Legislation passed in 1882 restricting Chinese immigration to the United States.

Political machines

Political organizations that provided social services in exchange for political support, with Tammany Hall being a prominent example in New York City.

Jane Addams

was a social reformer who founded Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house providing services to immigrants and the poor.

Melting pot vs. salad bowl

Metaphors describing assimilation (melting pot) or preservation of cultural diversity (salad bowl) in American society.

Interstate Commerce Act

Legislation passed in 1887 to regulate railroad rates and prevent discrimination against small markets.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Antitrust legislation aimed at preventing monopolistic practices and promoting fair competition.

United States v. EC Knight Co

Supreme Court case in 1895 that limited the government's power to control monopolies.

Civil Service Reform

Efforts to eliminate patronage and establish a merit-based system for federal employment.

Pendleton Act of 1881

Legislation that established the Civil Service Commission and introduced the merit system for federal hiring.

Soft vs. hard money

Debate over the use of paper currency (soft money) versus gold and silver (hard money) as the basis for the national economy.

Silver Money- Bland Allison Act

Legislation in 1878 requiring the government to purchase silver and mint it into coins, supporting silver-backed currency.

Patronage

The practice of granting government jobs and favors to supporters, often associated with political machines.

Omaha Platform

Founding document of the People's Party, advocated for economic reforms, including the free coinage of silver. Advocating for various economic reforms to benefit farmers and workers.

Populist Party

A political party representing the interests of farmers and laborers, formed in the 1890s.

William Jennings Bryan- “Cross of Gold”

Delivered during the 1896 Democratic National Convention, Bryan's speech advocated for bimetallism and won him the nomination.

Election of 1896- McKinley

The presidential election where William McKinley, a Republican, defeated William Jennings Bryan, marking a shift toward pro-business policies.

National Grange Movement

An organization advocating for the interests of farmers, promoting cooperatives and economic self-sufficiency.

Ocala Platform

Associated with the Populist Party, focused on agrarian concerns and economic reforms. Calling for economic reforms such as the free coinage of silver and regulation of railroads.