ap psych - abnormal psych (copy)

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

abnormal behavior

behavior that deviates from the given norm/standard of behavior

• norm violation

• statistical rarity

• personal discomfort

• maladaptive behavior

• cultural differences

• gender differences

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

abnormal behavior

behavior that deviates from the given norm/standard of behavior

• norm violation

• statistical rarity

• personal discomfort

• maladaptive behavior

• cultural differences

• gender differences

maladaptive

interfere’s with normal day to day life - (basically bad)

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital

biopsychosocial approach

discovered behavior results from a combo of genetic cultural, personal, and environmental factors

dsm-5

• diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition

• a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

• single largest mental health problem in the US

generalized anxiety disorder

• a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy

• an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

panic disorder

• a person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread

• an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack

phobias

• in which a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object/situation

• an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

ocd (not dsm-5 classified as anxiety disorder) (serotonin??)

• obsessive compulsive disorder

• a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

• hyperactive anterior cingulate cortex, brain region that monitors our actions/checks for errors

agoraphobia

• fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

• afraid to go outside

social anxiety disorder (gaba?)

• intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia.)

posttraumatic stress disorder (not dsm-5 classified as anxiety disorder)

• a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

• sensitive limbic system increases vulnerability

• lower cortisol, genetic link

• aberrant and persistent right temporal lobe activation

posttraumatic growth

• positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

• depressed mood most of the day

• markedly diminished interest/pleasure in activities most of the day

• significant weight loss/gain when not dieting, or significant decrease/increase in appetite

• insomnia/hypersomnia

• physical agitation or lethargy

• fatigue/loss of of energy

• feeling worthless, or excessive or inappropriate guilt

• problems in thinking, concentrating, making decisions

• recurrent thoughts of death/suicide

observed:

• decreased frontal lobes by almost 7%

• hippocampus is vulnerable to stress-related damage

• lacked norepinephrine

• serotonin increase

persistent depressive disorder/dysthymia

• a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years with

  • problems regulating appetite

  • problems regulation sleep

  • low energy

  • low self-esteem

  • difficulty concentrating and making decisions

  • feelings of hopelessness

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

• norepenephrine

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

• decreased axonal white matter/enlarged fluid-filled ventricles

rumination

• compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression

• chronic: develops slowly, withdrawal from society, negative symptoms, poor prognosis

• acute: develops rapidly, positive symptoms, prognosis is good

• more dopamine receptors (alcohol/cocaine increase dopamine & intensify symptoms)

• deteriorated brain tissue

• smaller cortex

• enlarged ventricles

schizophrenia spectrum

• delusional disorder

• brief psychotic disorder

• schizoaffective disorder

• substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder

• catatonia

prodrome

when the first symptoms of schizophrenia emerge, early adulthood

positive symptoms

• hallucinations, delusions, suspicion, inappropriate behaviors

negative symptoms

blunted affect, lack of motivation, isolation, and social withdrawl

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

nonbizzare

delusion is theoretically possible

bizarre

• delusion clearly unlikely

persecution

belief one is being spied upon or is the object of a conspiracy

control

the belief that outside forces are controlling one’s thoughts, feelings, or actions, often by means of electronic signals sent to one’s brain

reference

the belief that events or stimuli unrelated to the individual actually refer to him/her

sin/guilt

the belief that they inflicted harm or committed the unpardonable sin and may confess they have killed or harmed children/people when in fact they are innocent

hypochondrial delusion

• the belief that one is suffering from a hideous disease

nihilistic delusion

the belief that oneself or others have ceased to exist

grandeur

the belief that one is extremely powerful, famous, or important

hallucinations

false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

• see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not there

• most often, hallucinations are auditory, frequently vices making insulting remarks or giving orders

• lack selective attention

somatic symptoms disorder

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical condition

conversion disorder/functional neurological symptom disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

illness anxiety disorder/hypochondriasis

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

dissociative disorder

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (disassociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative identity disorder

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting.

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

cluster a personality disorders: eccentric

• paranoid personality

• schizoid

• schizotypal

cluster b disorders: dramatic and emotional

• antisocial

• borderline

• histrionic

• narcissistic

cluster c disorders: avoidant/fearful

• avoidant

• dependent

• obsessive compulsive (NOT OCD!!)

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

borderline personality disorder

narcissistic personality disorder

paranoid personality disorder

schizoid personality disorder

dependent personality disorder

histrionic personality disorder

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology.

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

clinet-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

• acceptance

• genuineness

• empathy

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop selfawareness and self-acceptance.

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

rational-emotive beahvior therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

people imagine traumatic scenes while she triggered eye movements by waving her finger in front of their eyes, supposedly enabling them to unlock and reprocess previously frozen memories

elements shared by all forms of psycho therapy

Hope for demoralized people

A new perspective

An empathic, trusting, caring relationship

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem.

resilence

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—SSRIs.)

ssri

(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors