PSL 310- PNS afferent -incomplete

PSL 310 MSU exam 2

afferent information

information that goes into the brain/ spinal cord

efferent information

information that is released from the brain/ spinal cord

afferent infomation is known as

sensory information

efferent information is known as

motor information

3 sensory receptors

exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors

exteroceptors function

sense external information

exteroceptor 2 types

somatic and external

somatic exteroceptor information

skin and special senses like eyes, nose, ears, mouth

external exteroceptors information

from the environment to the body

interoceptors function

sense internal enviroment

interoceptors example

sense stomach pain via pain receptors in the stomach, sense blood pressure via the carotid barocepters

proprioceptors function

knowing position of body in space

proprioceptors example

nerve fibers in muscles, tendons, and ligaments

exteroceptors send information to different lobes of the brain examples

parietal lobe, and occipital lobe

where is afferent information integrated

the parietal cortex

what are the commands generated form the afferent information

efferent information

what are the two types of efferent neurons

somatic and autonomic

somatic nervous system function

controls skeletal muscle

autonomic nervous system functions

controls everything you can’t manually control;

autonomic nervous system divisions

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system controls

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, B cells, adipose tissue

enteric nervous system function

nerve fibers in the GI tract that sense the internal environment of the GI tract sending the information to the brain to release enzymes and acids to help digest food

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

12

olfactory nerve function

sense of smell

optic nerve function

vision

vestibular and cochlear nerve function

sense of balance and equilibrium

vagus nerve function

regulate involuntary functions

are cranial nerve motor or sensory

they can be both

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

31

how many vertebrae are there in the spine

30

how many vetebrae are cervical

7

how many vertebrae are thoracic

12

how many vertebrae are lumbar

5

how many vertebrae are sacral

5

what does one verterbra on top of another form

intervertebral foramen

intervertebral foreman function

allow spinal nerves to come out between discs

what are discs made out of

fibracartilage, GAGs, and proteoglycans

GAGs

glycosaminoglycans

disc function

separate vertebrae, help form the intervertebral; foramen

bulging disc

dehydration of disc causing stress of outer layer and buldging, can press on nerves

herniated disc

(slipped disc) disc leaks out towards the foramen

thin disc

discs loose water and what makes them up

spinal stenosis

osmotic potential increases over time due to not as many GAGs and proteoglycans being produced, disc will thin

osteophyte fermation

“bone spurs”spikes that face the intervertebral foramen, can pinch nerves

grey matter

H shape in spinal cord, contains cell bodies, glial cells, and glial cells

white matter

axons

ventral roots are made up of

bundle of motor (efferent) axons

where do ventral roots come out of the spinal cord

the front ventral ramus

dorsal roots are made up of

bundles of sensory axons

where do dorsal rootlets come out of the spinal cord

the back dorsal ramus

dorsal root and ventral root fuse to become

the spinal nerve

sympathetic chain ganglia

autonomic nerve fibers hang to regulate fight or flight

dorsal root ganglion contains what two types of neurons

unipolar and bipolar (sensory)

spinal reflex arc steps

1. arrival of stimulus/ activation or receptor

2. activation of a sensory neuron

3. relay in brain via an interneuron

4. activation of a motor neuron

5. sensory processing by brain

6. response by effectors

does a spinal reflex require the brain

no the AP will be integrated in the spinal cord by an interneuron and an AP will be fired from a motor neuron to the skeletal muscle to contract

what glial cells are found in the spinal arc

satellite cells

mechanoreceptors types

tactile, nociceptors, baroceptosr, proprioceptors, auditory, equilibrioceptors

tactile receptors

touch

baroceptosr

pressure

proprioceptors

pressure

auditory receptors

hearing

equilibrioceptors

equilibrium and balance

what 3 receptor types contain nociceptor

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoceptors

chemoreceptor types

olfactory, gustatory, nociceptors

olfactory receptors

smell

gustatory receptors

taste

thermoreceptor types

thermal, nociceptors

thermal receptors

cold and hot

osmoreceptors

osmolarity of ISF

Photoreceptor

vison

tonic vs phasic receptor

tonic- slowly adapting receptor that respond for duration of a stimulus.

phasic- rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off

how long does a graded potential last for tonic receptors

as long as the stimulus

what is the AP frequency for tonic receptors

high AP frequency/ slowly adapting and constant APs

how long does a phasic receptor graded potential last

it will be quick at the beginning of the stimulus

what is the AP frequency for phasic receptors

the APs will rapidly adapt and APs will disappear quickly

phasic receptor image

tonic receptor image

tonic stimulus example

burn

phasic stimulus example

clothing toughing skin, SMELL

somatic general senses

touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, pain, temperature

what are the 3 layers of skin parietal to deep

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

what do free nerve endings detect

pain, temperature

what layer of skin are free nerve endings located in

epidermis

what do merkle discs detect

light touch

where are Merkel discs located

dermis

what do meissners corpuscle detect

light touch

where are meissners corpuscle located

dermis

how do hair follicles detect touch

they are innervated with nerve fibers

what do Ruffini corpuscles detect

stretch

where are Ruffini cospuscles located

hypodermis

what do pacinian (lamellate) corpuscles detect

vibration and pressure

where are pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles located

hypodermis

what is the temperature range for no sense touch

86-98 F

what is body temperature

~98.6 F

what is the only somatic sense not phasic

Ruffini corpuscles

what are the somatic general senses mechano receptors

piezo

what is the temperature range for TRPV to be activated

95F - 122 F

what perceptions do TRPV receive

perception of warmth and hot