Lab 3: Introduction to Skeletal System and Axial Skeleton

Compact Bone

This is the HARD, EXTERNAL LAYER OF BONE

• Gives STRENGTH AND STRUCTURE

Spongy Bone

It’s DEEP INSIDE THE COMPACT BONE

• This allows for SUPPORT AND PROTECTION TO DIFFERENT CELLS that MAKES THE BONE MARROW

• Looks like a sponge

Diaphysis

The SHAFT of a long bone that’s MADE OF COMPACT BONE with SMALL AMOUNT OF SPONGY BONE

Epiphysis (plural: epiphyses)

ENDS OF LONG BONE

• CONTAINS SPONGY BONES with THIN LAYER of COMPACT BONE

Axial Skeleton

INCLUDES BONES ALONG THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY

• Contains the Cranial, Thoracic, and Pelvic Regions

Appendicular Skeleton

UPPER AND LOWER LIMB BONES

• The Arm, Hips, and Leg bones

Meatus

LARGE OPENING IN THE BONE that LEADS INSIDE THE BODY

• Any opening that allows something to flow in/out of the body

  • e.g, external auditory _____ allows sound to go inside the ears and lets the brain process it

Foramen

OPENING (HOLES) IN THE BONE that GIVES PATH FOR BLOOD VESSELS/NERVES

Fossa

HOLLOW (Ditch-like) AREA IN A BONE that can FORM JOINTS or GIVE AREA OF ATTACHMENTS

• It’s like a small dip in the bone

• A spot where muscles can attach

• Fossa = TRENCH/DITCH in Latin

Condyle

It’s a ROUND, SMOOTH BUMP that’s TYPICALLY AT THE END OF A BONE (really at the end)

• Think CONnecting joint surface

Epicondyle

RAISED BUMP ABOVE the condyle

• Epi = above

Crest

RIDGE/BUMP THAT STICKS OUT of a bone

• This is SLENDER RIDGE OF A BONE

Process

BROAD TERM FOR PROJECTION or OUTGROWTH on a bone

• This could include things like the condyle, trochanter, coracoid, ETC

Facet

SMOOTH, NEARLY FLAT (or generally flat) SURFACE ON A BONE

• this typically FORMS A JOINT with another bone

Spine

FLEXIBLE COLUMN of BONES IN THE BACK that SUPPORTS AND PROTECTS THE SPINAL CORD

Trochanter

LARGE, BLUNT BUMP ONLY on the FEMUR (there’s 2)

• BONY PROJECTION

• Typically in the appendicular skeleton

Think TROJAN for the TRO part and Trojan is kinda BIG/LARGE

Tubercle

SMALL, ROUNDED BUMP

• Tiny bumps for attachment

• Typically in the appendicular skeleton

Tuberosity

MEDIUM-SIZED ROUGH BUMP

• It’s in the appendicular skeleton

• refers to a prominent, often rough, bony projection, and these are common features on bones of the limbs and the girdles that support them

Cleft Palate

a BIRTH DEFECT where the ROOF OF THE MOUTH DOESN’T FULLY CLOSE

• CAUSED GENETICALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY

Osteocytes

MATURE BONE CELLS in the BONE MATRIX

• Allows for EXCHANGES in gas, nutrients, ETC

• It’s WITHIN THE LACUNAE

Lacunae (singular: lacuna)

These are SMALL, EMPTY SPACES within the bone matrix

• These are where OSTEOCYTES LIVE IN

  • Think like an UNFINISHED NEW YORK APARTMENT

Osteon

FUNCTIONAL UNIT of the COMPACT BONE

Central Canal

This is WITHIN THE OSTEON

• It HOUSES BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES

Lamellae (singular = lamella)

THIN, FLAT STRUCTURE (like a sheet or plate or layer)

• This is the LAYER OF THE BONE MATRIX

• GIVES STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY

Canaliculi (singular: canaliculus)

SMALL CANALS WITHIN LAYERS OF BONE MATRIX

• it connects osteocytes together, which ENCOURAGES EXCHANGES between the osteocytes

Frontal Bone

FORMS FRONTAL and ABOVE ORBITAL

Parietal Bone

SIDES AND TOP OF THE HEAD

Occipital Bone

Forms the BACK AND BASE OF THE SKILL

Temporal Bone

Towards the SIDES AND BASE (bottom) OF THE SKULL (kinda near the ear area)

Ethmoid Bone

FLAT CRANIAL BONE that PROTECTS DELICATE BRAIN

• BETWEEN THE EYES

• It FORMS THE ROOF of the NASAL BONE

• SUPPORTS OLFACTORY NERVES

Sphenoid Bone

BUTTERFLY/BAT SHAPED BONE in the MIDDLE of the SKULL BASE

• NEXT TO TEMPORAL BONE

Mandible

JAW

Vomer Bone

Small, thin, PLOW SHAPED bone that’s in the MIDLINE OF NASAL CAVITY

Maxillae (sing. maxilla)

UPPER JAW that FORMS PART OF NOSE AND EYE SOCKET

Zygomatic Bones

CHEEKBONES

Nasal Bones

NOSE BONE

Inferior Nasal Conchae (concha)

Lacrimal Bones

INNER WALL OF EYE SOCKET

Palatine Bones

Olfactory Foramina

The little holes within the cribriform plate

• Those little holes and the cribriform plate are PART OF THE ETHMOID BONES (which is deep compared to the lacrimal bone within the eyes)

Coronal Suture

This is the suture that DIVIDES THE FRONTAL AND PARIETAL bones

• It’s another word for the frontal plane that cuts ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR

• This picture is FACING TOP

Sagittal Suture

This DIVIDES THE left and right PARIETAL BONES

• This DIVIDES LEFT AND RIGHT…what other plane divides the body left and right?

• This is the TOP of the skull

Lambdoid Suture

• DIVIDES PARIETAL and OCCIPITAL BONE

Squamous Suture

DIVIDES the PARIETAL and TEMPORAL BONES

Optic Foramen

Jugular Foramen

Foramen Magnum

Carotid Canal (Carotid Foramen)

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

• Looks like a STINGRAY

Lumbar Vertebrae

• It’s SMALLER

• Looks like a PLANE

Sacrum

TRIANGULAR SHAPE that’s INFERIOR to the different vertebras

Coccyx

Hyoid Bone

BELOW THE MANDIBLE

True Ribs (1-7)

• These are the BONES DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE STERNUM

  • The individual ribs are connected to the sternum

False Ribs (8-12)

• These ribs are NOT DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO THE STERNUM

  • They’re not individually attached unlike the true rubs

Floating Ribs (11-12)

These are ribs that DOESN’T HAVE COSTAL CARTILAGE

Sternum

Glabella

Occipital Condyle

Mastoid Process

BELOW THE EAR

• There’s TWO SIDES (left and right)

External Auditory Meatus (L/R)

This is an OPENING IN THE EAR that LEADS TO INSIDE THE BODY

Mandibular Fossa

Cribriform plate

Part of the ETHMOID BONE

• OLFACTORY FORAMINA SURROUNDS IT

Perpendicular Plate

Sella Turcica

Part of the SPHENOID BONE

Alveolar Socket of Mandible

This HOLDS THE TOOTH ROOT

Angle of Mandible (mandibular angle)

JAW ANGLE (in both sides of the head)

Ramus of Mandible

Mandibular Condyle

Alveolar Socket of the Maxilla

This HOLD THE TOOTH ROOT of the UPPER TEETH

Intervertebral Foramen

HOLES BETWEEN EVERY VERTEBRAE

Vertebral Body

Vertebral Foramen

Spinous Process

Looks like MERMAID TAILS

Superior Articular Facet

Inferior Articular Facet

This is BELOW the superior ________ _____

Transverse Process

Transverse Foramen

ONLY CERVICAL HAS THIS

Atlas (C1)

Looks like a STEERING WHEEL/GAME CONSOLE AT TOP VIEW

Axis (C2)

Looks like a PUFFERFISH from TOP VIEW

Cervical Dens

• ONLY IN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

• Looks like a HEAD on anterior view

Body of Sternum

Xiphoid Process

Manubrium