Topic 9 Control punishment and victims

What are the 3 types of crime prevention?

• Situational crime prevention

• Environmental crime prevention

• Social and community crime

What is situational crime prevention + sociologist?

• Clarke. This aims to reduce the opportunities for crime by directing specific crimes and to increase the effort and reducing the rewards for crime. This correlates with the ‘rational choice theory’ and believes that we should focus on the immediate crime situation where prevention is greatest.

• Marcus Felson and Bus terminal in Year York was reshaped which designed crime out eg large basins to small basins.

What is the criticism for situational crime prevention and its sociologist?

• Chaiken et al

• Crime does not reduce, it just becomes displaced, such as spatial temporal tactical target and functional.

• Only looks at opportunistic petty street crime, disregards violent or white collar crime

What is environmental crime prevention and its sociologist?

• Wilson and Kellings. Based on Broken Windows, the idea of disorder and the absence of control leads to crime. We must take an environmental improvement strategy and a zero tolerance policing strategy and prevents serious crimes taking place.

What is the evidence for environmental crime prevention +eval?

• Clean car programme. Between 1993 and 1996 there was a significant fall in crime in the city including a 50% drop in homicide rates

• HOWEVER, NYPD benefited from 7000 more officers, Decline in the availability of crack cocaine.

What is social and community crime prevention?

• To remove the conditions that predispose people to crime. Tackle the root causes of offending, rather than removing opportunity for crime. PERRY PRESCHOOL PROJECT for disadvantages black children in Michigan, a 2 year intellectual programme. For every dollar spent on the programme, $17 was saved on welfare prison etc

What is the criticism for all 3 crime prevention and controls?

• Do not tackle corporate crime, focus on low level or interpersonal crimes only.

Define surveillance.

• The monitoring of public behaviour for the purposes of population or crime control

Explain Foucault’s birth of the prison and its relation to surveillance.

• Sovereign power and disciplinarian power shift overtime. The panopticon illustrates disciplinary power, where guards can see prisoners byt prisoners cannot see guards so they might be watched, forcing then to be disciplined with the hopes of rehabilitation

What is a criticism to foucault?

• Feminists such as Koskela believe CCTV and other forms of surveillance are a form of the male gaze and does not make women more secure.

What are the 3 Surveillance theories since foucault?

• Synoptic surveillance

• Actuarial justice and risk management

• Labelling and Surveillance

What is synoptic surveillance + sociologist?

• Mathiesen believes the media also enables the many to see the few, there has been a rise in surveillance from below along with foucaults argument, also called the ‘synopticon’ where everybody watches everybody

• Thompson states that powerful groups such as politicians fear the media and acts as social control over their activities.

What does Mccahill argue?

• Occasional bottom up scrunity is unable to reverse hierarchies of surveillance, police have powers to confiscate the cameras and mobile phones and ‘citizen journalists’

What is actuarial justice and risk management + sociologist?

• Feeley and Simon. Actuarial justice is a damage limitation strategy to reduce crime by using statistical information to pick out likely offenders. It is focussed on groups rather than individuals.

What is an example of social sorting and categorical suspicious?

2010 West midlands police sought to introduce a counter terrorism scheme around 2 mainly muslim suburbs of birmingham with around 150 cameras some of which covert, whole communities under suspicious. lead to self fulfilling prophecy

How is labelling and surveillance a newer form of surveillance?

• Norris and Armstrong note that CCTV operators make discriminatory judgements about who among the thousands of potential ‘suspects’ should be focussed on. Often, it is young black males who are targeted, judgements are based on typifications.