[Bio 142] Lecture 1 Quiz Ch 25 & Last Part of Ch 24

Anorexia

Persistent loss of appetite

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder primarily among females characterized by the desire to lose or inhibit weight gain through starvation

Binge-purge syndrome

An eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by self-induced vomiting

Bulimia

An eating disorder characterized by episodic binge eating followed by feelings of condemnation. Usually the food that is eaten is later “purged” via self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, dieting/fasting practices.

Eating disorders

Psychological problems that result in inadequate or excessive food consumption.

Familial hypercholesterolemia

The most common inherited type of hyperlipidemia characterized by high levels of lipids in one’s blood. This disease affects 1/500 children who present LDL levels more than 190.

Heat cramps

A condition followed by heavy sweating due to strenuous activity that causes loss of salt in the body and results in painful muscle spasms.

Hyperuricemia

A condition in which the plasma uric acid level exceeds 7.4mg/dL. Otherwise known as gout.

Ketonuria

The presence of ketone bodies in urine.

Kwashiorkor

A form of malnutrition due to a protein deficiency in the diet.

Marasmus

Sever malnourishment that causes a child’s weight to decrease significantly below the standards set for children of similar age.

Orexigenic

Having a stimulating effect on the appetite.

Pica

A craving for substances that are not normal food. Possible organic causes are iron deficiency, lead encephalopathy, pregnancy, and zinc deficiency.

Protein-Calorie Malnutrition

A severe deficiency of protein in the diet in addition to inadequate caloric Intake.

Skin-Fold Test

Test to estimate the amount of body fat on a person.

Oral Cavity

Ingestion, mechanical digestion with accessory organs, moistening, and mixing with salivary secretions

Pharynx

Muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus

Esophagus

Transport of materials to the stomach

Stomach

Chemical digestion of materials by acid and enzyme; mechanical digestion through muscular contractions

Small Intestine

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

Large Intestine

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination

Teeth

Mechanical digestion by chewing (mastication)

Tongue

Assists mechanical digestion with teeth, sensory analysis

Salivary Glands

Secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates

Liver

Secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, and other vital functions

Gallbladder

Storage and concentration of bile

Pancreas

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones

Vitamin A:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Fat Soluble

2. Retinol

3. Maintains epithelia and visual pigments; supports immune system; promotes growth and bone remodeling

Vitamin D:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Fat Soluble

2. Calciferol

3. Supports bone health; calcium absorption; immune function; cholecalciferol is the preliminary version derived from sunlight and some supplements

Vitamin E:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Fat Soluble

2. Alpha-Tocopherol

3. Prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids

Vitamin K:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Fat Soluble

2. Phylloquinone (K1) & Menaquinone (K2)

3. Essential for liver protein synthesis & synthesis of three blood clotting factors

Vitamin A:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Leafy green and yellow vegetables (carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach)

2. Night blindness, xerophthalmia, poor growth, and hair changes

3. Liver damage, skin paling, CNS effects (nausea, anorexia)

Vitamin D:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Oily fish, red meat, egg yolks, fortified food & calcium, liver, exposure to sunlight synthesizes this compound

2. Poor growth, rickets, skeletal deterioration

3. Excess calcium deposits in many tissues that disrupts daily functions.

Vitamin E:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Meat, milk, vegetables

2. Anemia, other problems suspected

3. Nausea, stomach cramps, blurred vision, fatigue

Vitamin K:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Vegetables & is produced by intestinal bacteria

2. Bleeding disorders

3. Liver dysfunction & jaundice

Vitamin B1:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Water soluble

2. Thiamine

3. Coenzyme

Vitamin B2:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Water soluble

2. Riboflavin

3. Part of coenzyme (FAD) involved in glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Vitamin B3:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Water soluble

2. Niacin

3. Part of coenzyme (NAD) in metabolism

Vitamin B5:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Water soluble

2. Pantothenic acid

3. It is Coenzyme A

Vitamin B6:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Water Soluble

2. Pyridoxine

3. Coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism

Vitamin B7:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Water Soluble

2. Biotin

3. Coenzyme

Vitamin B9:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Water Soluble

2. Folic Acid/Folacin

3. Coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism

Vitamin B12:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Water Soluble

2. Cobalamin

3. Coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism

Vitamin C:

1. Fat or Water Soluble?

2. Alternate Names

3. Significance of this vitamin

1. Water soluble

2. Ascorbic acid

3. Coenzyme

Vitamin B1:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Milk, meat, fortified bread

2. Muscle weakness, beriberi (damage to heart and nervous system)

3. Hypotension

Vitamin B2:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Milk, meat, eggs, and cheese

2. Epithelial and mucosal deterioration

3. Itching and tingling

Vitamin B3:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Meat, bread, potatoes, cereals, legumes, leafy green vegetables, fish

2. Pellagra (scaly skin sores, diarrhea, schizophrenia-like dementia)

3. Itching, burning, vasodilation, death after a large dose

Vitamin B5:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Milk, meat

2. Inhibited development, CNS changes

3. No reported changes to excess

Vitamin B6:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Meat, whole grains, vegetables, orange juice, cheese, and milk

2. Inhibited development, anemia, convulsions, changes to epithelia

3. CNS alterations that are potentially fatal

Vitamin B9:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Leafy vegetables, some fruits, liver, cereal, and bread

2. Inhibited growth, anemia, GI disorders, developmental cephalic abnormalities (neural tube defects)

3. Few effects occur when excess is taken except at massive doses (which are fatal)

Vitamin B12:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Milk, meat

2. Impaired red blood cell production (pernicious anemia)

3. Polycythemia

Vitamin B7:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Eggs, meat, vegetables

2. Fatigue, muscular pain, nausea, dermatitis

3. No effects of excess

Vitamin C:

1. Sources of the this vitamin

2. Effects of Deficiency

3. Effects of Excess

1. Citrus fruits

2. Epithelial and mucosal deterioration; scurvy

3. Kidney stones

Mineral Sodium:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

3. Recommended Daily Allowance

1. Bulk

2. Major cation in body fluids; necessary for normal membrane function

3. 1500mg

Mineral Potassium:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Bulk

2. Major cation in cytoplasm; necessary for normal membrane function

Mineral Chloride:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Bulk

2. Major anion in body fluids; necessary for forming HCl

Mineral Calcium:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Bulk

2. Essential for muscle and neuron function and bone structure

Mineral Phosphorus:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Bulk

2. In high energy compounds (nucleic acid, bone matrix) as phosphate

Mineral Magnesium:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Bulk

2. Cofactor of enzymes, required for normal membrane functions

Mineral Iron:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Trace

2. Component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes

Mineral Zinc:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Trace

2. Cofactor for enzymes

Mineral Copper:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Trace

2. Cofactor of hemoglobin synthesis

Mineral Manganese:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Trace

2. Cofactor

Mineral Cobalt:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Trace

2. Cofactor & a mineral in vitamin B12

Mineral Selenium:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Trace

2. Antioxidant

Mineral Chromium:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Trace

2. Cofactor for glucose metabolism

Mineral Iron:

1. Deficiencies of this mineral

1. Fatigue, anemia, decreased cognitive function, headache and nail changes

Mineral Iodine:

1. Bulk or Trace Mineral

2. Significance

1. Trace

2. Essential for making thyroid hormones

Mineral Iron:

1. Deficiencies of this mineral

1. Goiter, developmental delay, and inhibited growth