ASL-English final

Concrete nouns

things you can touch (dog, table)

Ex: “The dog barked loudly.” → “dog”

Abstract noun

ideas/emotions (freedom, anger)

Ex: “Her happiness was contagious.” → “happiness”

Common nouns

general (car, town)

Ex: “She bought a new car.” → “car”

Proper nouns

specific (Toyota, Boston)

Ex: “Toyota makes reliable vehicles.” “Toyota”

Subjective pronouns

I, you, he, she, we, they, who, whoever

Objective pronouns

me, you, him, her, us, them, whom, whomever

Indefinite pronouns

someone, anybody, everyone, few

Subject

who or what the sentence is about

Ex: “The girl sings beautifully.” → “The girl”

Main verb

the action or state (run, is)

Ex: “She runs every morning.” → “runs”

Helping/Auxiliary) verb

helps the main verb (is running)

Ex: “She has eaten lunch.” → “has”

Linking/copula

connects subject and predicate (is, seems)

Ex: He is tired.” → “is”

Feeling/Sensing verb

feel, think, believe

Ex: “I feel happy.” → “feel”

to be verbs

am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

“They were late.” → “were”

Verbal phrase

a verb and its modifiers/complements (has been eating)

Ex: “She has been working all day.” → “has been working”

Phrasal verb

verb + one or more particles (usually a preposition or adverb)

Ex: ”He ran into his old friend at the store.” → “ran into” means “met unexpectedly”

Modals

Express ability, possibility, necessity (can, may, must)

Ex: “He can swim.” → “can”

Prefix

beginning (un-, re-)

Ex: “Unhappy” → “un-” means “not”

Suffix

ending (-ness, -ly)

Ex: “Happily” → “-ly” turns adjective to adverb

Base word

a complete word (play)

Ex: “Careful” → “care”

Root word

cannot stand alone (struct in construct)

Ex: “Biology” → “bio”

Adjectives

describes a noun (blue, fast)

Ex: “The blue car sped away.” → “blue” describes “car”

Adverbs

modifies verb/adjective/adverb (quick, very)

Ex: “She sings beautifully.” → “beautifully” modifies “sings”

Infinitive

to + base form of a verb (to run)

Ex: He likes to read.” → “to read”

Subject/Predicate

Who + what they do or are

Ex: “The cat / slept on the couch.” → “the cat” = subject, “slept…” = predicate

Predicate Adjective

follows linking verb, describes subject (She is smart)

Ex: “The soup is hot.” → “hot” describes “soup”

Predicate Nominatives

renames subject (He is a doctor)

Ex: “He is a teacher.” → “teacher” renames “he”

Coordinating conjunctions

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)

Ex: “She is smart, and she studies hard.”

Subordinating Conjunctions

because, although, if, since

Ex: “Although it rained, we went outside.”

Complete sentences

Has a subject and predicate

Ex: “The baby is sleeping”

Fragment

missing a subject or verb

Ex: “Because she was late.” (needs main clause)

Run-on

two sentences improperly joined

Ex: “He ran she followed”

Comma Splice

two sentences joined by a comma

Ex: “He ran, she followed.” → Incorrect unless fixed: “He ran, and she followed”

Articles (A,An)

indefinite

Ex: “A dog barked.”

Articles (The)

definite

Ex: “The dog was loud.”

Subject-Verb Agreement

Singular subjects need singular verbs

Ex: “She runs every day.” (not “run”)

Independent clause

complete thought

Ex: “I love pizza.”

Dependent clause

needs more to be complete

Ex: “Because I was hungry…”

Who

Subject (he, she)

Ex: “Who is calling?”

Whom

Objective (him, her)

Ex: “To whom did you speak?”

Active Voice

Subject does the action (She ate the pie)

Ex: “She wrote the letter”

Passive Voice

Action done to the subject (The pie was eaten)

Ex: “The letter was written by her”

Direct Objects

receives action of the verb (He threw the ball)

Ex: “He kicked the ball.” → “ball”

Present Tense

run, runs

Ex: “She walks.”

Past tense

ran

Ex: “She walked.”

Future tense

will run

Ex: “She will walk.”

perfect tense

has run, had run, will have run

Ex: “She has finished her homework.”

Commas

separate items, clauses, after intro pgrases

Ex: “We ate, dance, and sang.”

semicolons

Join closely related independent clauses

Ex: “I’m tired; I’m going to bed.”

Apostrophes

possessive (John’s book), contractionc (don’t)

Ex: “It’s raining.” (it is) / “Anna’s book.”

Periods

end sentences

Ex: “We left early.”