Biological Macromolecules

Biological macromolecules

large organis molecules synthesized by the body

What elements do biological macromolecules always contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are hydrocarbons?

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Functional groups

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Are functional groups polar or nonpolar

they are polar and able to hydrogen bond

lipids

diverse group of fatty, water-insoluble molecules

What is the function of lipids?

function as stored energy, cellular membrane components, hormones

What are the four primary classes of lipids?

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

Triglycerides

used for long-term energy storage

How are triglycerides formed?

formed from glycerol and three fatty acids

Saturated triglycerides

lack double bonds

Unsaturated triglycerides

one double bond

Polyunsaturated triglycerides

two or more double bonds

Phospholipids

amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell membranes

Phospholipid structure

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Steroids

composed of hydrocarbons arranged in multi-ringed structure

How are steroids different?

differ in side chains extending from their rings

Hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Carbohydrates Chemical Formula

(CH2O)n

Carbohydrates structure

An -H and an -OH are usually attached to every carbon

Monosaccharides

simple sugar monomers

monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

disaccharides

formed from two monosaccharides

polysaccharides

Formed from many monosaccharides.

glucose

six carbon carbohydrate, C6H12O6

What is the primary nutrient supplying energy to cells and is the most common monosaccharide?

glucose

Glycogen

Glucose is stored as this

Nucleic acids

Store and transfer genetic information

What are the two classes of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

monomers blocks of nucleic acids

What makes up most of the nucleotide monomers?

sugar (five-carbon pentose), phosphate group (attached at the 5th carbon), Nitrogenous base (attached at 1st carbon, single or double ring structure

RNA

ribonucleic acid, single strand

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, double strand

What are the functions of proteins?

serve as catalysts in metabolic reactions, act in defense, aid in transport, contribute to structural support, cause movement, perform regulation, provide storage

function of enzymes

catalysts that accelerate normal physiological activities, decrease activation energy of cellular reactions, increase rate of product formation

uncatalyzed

no enzyme present

catalyzed

enzyme present

What is the location of enzymes?

they are globular proteins, unique 3d structure in protein chain called active site and temporarily forms enzyme-substrate complex

What is the active site?

The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds, permits only one substrate to bind, helps catalyze only one specific reaction

Induced fit model

Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s)

Go through the process of enzymes in action

okay

How are enzymes named?

name of substrate/product + End in -ase

What does enzymes cause?

the reaction to be faster

Saturation

so much substance is present that all enzyme molecules are engaged in reaction

How are enzymes affected by temperature?

Enzyme activity may be increased with increasing temperature, up to the temperature optimum. Temperatures too far above the temperature optimum can denature the enzyme, destroying its function.

How are enzymes affected by pH

if they are out of their range of tolerance/6-8 pH, they don't bond properly with substrates, some optimal pH's can differ (for instance enzymes working in the lower pH of the stomach)