Glycolysis/ Gluconeogenesis and the Kreb's cycle

Cori cycle picks up ___ form the blood and coverts it into ___ using gluconeogenisis. The glucose is transported to the blood stream and then the skeletal muscle uptakes it for ___

** learn Cori cycle

lactate, glucose, glycolysis

3 steps of glycolysis that are irreversible use ___ enzyme in gluconeogenisis because there is big ___ ____

different, energy change

in gluconeogenesis , ___ ___ and ___ ____ are used to covert 2 pyruvate to PEP

pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxylase

to go from G6P to glucose ___-_-___ is used

Glucose-6-phosphatase

The primary regulators/ inhibitors btwn glycolysis and glucogenysis are ____ and ___

F2,6BP, ATP

___ inhibits hexokinase

G6P

___ and ___ inhibit PFK-1

citrate, ATP

___ and ___ activates PFK 1

AMP, F2,6BP

___ , and ___ ___ inhibits pyruvate kinase

ATP, Acetyl CoA

in gluconeogenysis, what inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

frustose-2,6-bisphosphate and AMP

*** in gluconeogenysis, ___ inhibits pyruvate carboxylase

Acetyl CoA

Kinetics of PFK-1 in the presence of LOW ATP will ___

increase

Kinetics of PFK-1 in the presence of HIGH ATP will the activity is ___ and will increase ___

slow, slowly

Kinetics of PFK-1 in the presence of F26BP will have a ___ velocity

high

Kinetics of PFK-1 in the absence of F26BP will have a ___ velocity

low

F6P to F26BP is converted using ___

PFK-2

*** when is F26BP produced

F26BP and PFK-2 are ___ enzymes

bifunctional

Insulin tells cells to take up ___ out of the blood, metabolize and store it. This ___ the glucose blood levels

glucose, lowers

Glucagon tells cells to ___ metabolizing and ___ glucose levels

stop, increase

what stimulates the phosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme F26BP?

protein kinase

what is protein kinase stimulated by?

cAMP

where does metabolism take place

mitochondria

Pyruvate crosses the outer membrane of the mitochondria through ___ and crosses the inner membrane via a ___ ___ ___

porins, pyruvate carrier protein

pyruvate dehydrogenase removes ___

electrons

pyruvate decarboxylase removes ___ and it is the first time in the cycle where this happens

CO2

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex converts pyruvate and coenzyme A into ____ ___

acetyl CoA

Coenzyme A is derived from _ __ ___ ___ and central to energy metabolism. it is used as a ___ as is linked to acetyl group through a ___ ___

B vitamin pantothenic acid, carrier, thioester bond

where does the Acetyl group from CoA go to? What is it added to and what does it form?

Kreb’s cycles. Oxaloacetate and forms citrate

what is citrate converted to and with what

isocitrate, aconitase

in the Kreb’s cycle, Isocitrate is ___ and CO2 is ___ to form α-ketoglutarate, using enzyme ____ ____

oxidized, removed, isocitrate dehydrogenase

in the Kreb’s cycle, α-ketoglutarate is ___, CO2 is ___, the Co-A os linked to form succinyl-CoA, using the enzyme ___

oxidized, removed, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

What enzyme adds 2 carbons of acetyl to oxaloacetate to form citrate?

citrate synthase

The bond that holds succinyl to Coa is ___ in energy

high

Succinate is oxidized to ___, using enzyme ___ and uses ___ as an electron acceptor

fumarate, succinate dehydrogenase, FAD

FAD stands for ___ ___ ___ and is a coenzyme that carries ___ or __ from glycolysis and the kreb cycle to the electron transport chain

flavin adenine dinucleotide, protons, electrons

why is FAD used instead of NAD on step 6 of the kreb’s cycle?

the electrons are lower in energy and NAD will not accept them

NADH takes electrons between

C and O

FAD takes electrons between

2 carbons

in the kreb cycle, what enzyme takes fumarate and is converted to malate

fumarate hydratase

In the kreb cycle, what enzyme takes malate and oxidizes it to form oxaloacetate

malate dehydrogenase

in the kreb cycle when the glucose levels are high, ___ acetyl-CoA enters the cycle = ___ in activity

more, increase

*** regulation of the kreb cycle

E2= PDH kinase Activity increased by ___ ATP/ADP ratio

high

The main function for regulator of pyruvate dehydrogenase is to

phosphorylate

E1= PDH phosphatase Activity increased by ___ ATP/ADP ratio

low