Endocrine System - Classifications of Diabetes

Endocrine System

It is an integrated chemical communication and coordination system that enables reproduction, growth and development and regulation of energy

internal homeostasis

Together with the nervous system, the endocrine system maintains _________ and coordinates responses to environmental changes and stress.

glands/glandular tissues

The endocrine system is composed of these tissues that synthesize, store and secrete chemical messengers or hormones.

hormones

Chemical messengers that affect specific target organs and body tissues through the bloodstream.

highly vascularized

The endocrine system/organs are DUCTLESS, but are?

stimulating and inhbiting process

Hormones involves what kind of processes?

local hormones

Hormones with specific effect in the are of secretion. One example is choleystokinin-pancreozymin (CK-PZI)

general hormones

Horones transported in the blood to distant sites where they exert their action/effect. One example is the anterior pituitary gland hormones.

amines, peptides, and steroids

What are hormones made of?

amines

They are derived from amino acids. They bind to the receptors in the cell nucleus. Catecholamines such as epinephrine

peptides

They are large in size and lipid insoluble, meaning they cannot be dissolved in fats. They are unable to penetrate cell membranes and bind to receptors. It activates an intracellular process and ultimately affects the activity of genes.

steroids

They are secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads. They are synthesized from cholesterol. Lipid soluble and are able to diffuse into cells and bind to specific receptors in the nucleus.

simple feedback mechanism

It involves positive and negative feedback. One example is calcium homeostasis in the blood where calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone and osteoclasts degrade bone matrix.

complex feedback mechanism

It involves two or more organs to regulate. One example is homeostasis of blood glucose which involves the pancreas, liver and body cells.

chemical feedback mechanism

It involves some endocrine glands that are directly affected by the activity of the nervous system. One example is in response to environmental change and stress, it stimulates SNS activity symptoms such as nervousness and tremors.

physiologic rhythm/diurnal rhythm/circadian rhythm

A hormone level that fluctuates predictably. One example is cortisol which rises in the morning and decreases towards evening allowing sleep to happen.

blood hormone test

A diagnostic/lab data used to detect endocrine problems.

pancreas

It is a long tapered, lobular, soft gland that lies behind the stomach. It is anterior to the first and second lumbar vertabrae.

insulin

It is a hormone secreted by the beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas.

glucagon

It is a hormone secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas.

gastrin, somstatin

It is a hormone secreted by the delta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas.

approximately 70-100 mg/dL

What is the normal glucose range?

approximately 40-50 units

What is the amount of insulin secreted daily by an adult?

towards midnight to early morning

The lowest insulin release throughout the day is?

elevated blood glucose, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss and high urine output

What are the clinical manifestations of diabetes?

pre-receptor defect

Type 1 DM or IDDM is caused by?

receptor defect, post-receptor defect

Type 2 DM or NIDDM is caused by?

juvenile onset

What is the age of onset for Type 1 DM or IDDM?

adult onset

What is the age of onset for Type 2 DM or NIDDM?

thin, asthenic body structure

What is the nutritional status for Type 1 DM or IDDM?

obese and heavy in weight

What is the nutritional status for Type 2 DM or NIDDM?

balanced nutritional intake

What is the dietary management for Type 1 DM or IDDM?

low in fats and carbohydrates

What is the dietary management for Type 2 DM or NIDDM?

insulin is necessary

Is insulin needed for Type 1 DM or IDDM?

may or may not have insulin but may have OHA (oral hypoglycemic agent)_

Is insulin needed for Type 2 DM or NIDDM?

If parent is type 1, risk of offspring is 50% to 60% susceptibility

What is the genetic susceptibility for Type 1 DM or IDDM?

If parent is type 2, risk of offspring is 25% to 40% susceptibility

What is the genetic susceptibility for Type 2 DM or NIDDM?

destruction of beta cells

Pre-receptor defect results in the?

decreased binding of receptors.

receptor defect results in the?

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

A blood test used to diagnose diabetes and monitor its treatment by measuring the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin in the blood