Heredity concepts

Meiosis content included with the cell cycle flashcards. /// Not included but good to know: basics of Mendel's pea experiment, basic probability rules

Where two copies of a gene come from

One each from biological mother and father

Principle of Dominance

Some alleles are dominant and will always show, and some are recessive and will only show when the dominant allele is absent

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

Two alleles separate during meiosis and only one is passed down, with each having an equal chance of doing so

Why Punnett squares can create accurate predictions

Equal segregation of alleles

Purpose of a test cross

To determine the genotype of the dominant phenotype parent

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

Genes don’t influence each other in the sorting of alleles into gametes, and genes for different traits are passed down separately

Incomplete dominance example

In some flower species, the breeding of a red flower with a white one will result in pink offspring

Codominance example

Someone heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia will have both round and sickle-shaped blood cells

Multiple alleles examples

Blood type, rabbit fur color

Sex-linked traits examples

Red-green colorblindness, hemophilia

Why recessive sex-linked disorders are more common in males

They only have to inherit one recessive allele to be affected, whereas females have to inherit two

Indicators of a dominant disorder on a pedigree

Both parents have it, but child doesn’t; present in every generation

Indicators of a recessive disorder on a pedigree

Neither parent has it, but child does; skips one or more generations

Epistasis examples

Labrador coat color, mice fur color

Polygenic trait examples

Skin color, eye color, height

How linked genes can be inherited separately

Crossing over breaks the linkage