Mineral Classifications and Functions

Flashcards covering essential minerals, their classifications, roles, dietary sources, deficiencies, and related conditions.

What are macrominerals?

Minerals needed in larger amounts daily, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium.

What is the RDA for Calcium (Ca) in adults?

1,000–2,000 mg.

What is the RDA for Phosphorus (P) in adults?

700 mg.

What are microminerals (trace minerals)?

Minerals needed in very small amounts, such as iron, zinc, and copper.

What is the required amount of Iron (Fe) for adults?

8-18 mg.

What is a common sign of hyponatremia?

Symptoms include confusion, nausea, lethargy, and seizures.

What is the function of calcium (Ca) in the body?

Calcium is essential for blood coagulation, muscle contractility, and as a cofactor for enzymes.

What are the two forms of dietary iron?

Heme iron (from meat) and non-heme iron (from plants).

What can cause hypocalcemia?

Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, renal disease, and certain medications.

What condition can result from excessive levels of copper?

Wilson's disease.

What is the RDA for Zinc (Zn)?

8-11 mg.

What are the main dietary sources of Zinc?

Meat, seafood, dairy, and nuts.

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

Impaired immune function, dermatitis, and poor wound healing.

What role does hepcidin play in iron regulation?

Hepcidin regulates iron levels by decreasing iron absorption and promoting its sequestration.

What are the clinical features of iron deficiency anemia?

Fatigue, pallor, lethargy, and decreased immunity.

How much iron can the human body typically store?

Approximately 3-4 grams in females and 6 grams in males.

What is the maximum daily intake of caffeine recommended for adults?

It is typically advised to limit intake to 400 mg per day.

What condition can thyroid hormone deficiency lead to?

Hypothyroidism.

What mineral replaces hydroxyl in hydroxyapatite to strengthen bones?

Fluoride.

What are the two forms of iron present in the body?

Functional iron and storage iron.

What is a physiological role of Selenium?

Selenium is crucial for antioxidant defense mechanisms in the body.

What is the function of magnesium (Mg) in the body?

Magnesium is vital for bone formation and enzymatic reactions.

What is the RDA for magnesium?

310-420 mg.

What are common sources of iodine in the diet?

Nuts, fish, and iodized salt.

What is hypercalcemia and its potential consequences?

High calcium levels can lead to kidney stones, renal failure, and cardiovascular issues.

What are signs of hypocalcemia?

Tetany, seizures, muscle cramps, and cardiac arrhythmias.

What minerals are essential for the synthesis of DNA and RNA?

Phosphorus (P) is necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis.

What are the signs of severe hypocalcemia?

Total calcium less than 7.5 mg/dL or ionized calcium less than 3.6 mg/dL.

What characterizes Wilson's disease?

Mutation in the ATP7B gene leading to copper accumulation in the body.

What is the RDA for iodine (I) in adults?

150 µg.

What is acute hyperphosphatemia associated with?

Acute renal failure or excessive dietary phosphate.

What mineral deficiency can lead to altered taste acuity?

Zinc deficiency.

What is a risk associated with excessive iron in the body?

Toxicity that can cause damage to organs, especially the liver.

What is the function of copper (Cu) in the body?

Copper acts as a cofactor for various enzymes involved in metabolism.

How does calcium absorption change with dietary factors?

Calcium absorption is decreased with high intake of fibers or phytates.

What is the primary source of dietary selenium?

Seafood, meat, grains, and seeds.

What are some consequences of chronic kidney disease on mineral metabolism?

Impaired phosphorus and calcium balance leading to bone disorders.

What are zinc fingers?

Zinc-binding motifs that facilitate protein binding to DNA.

What is a characteristic symptom of hypercalcemia?

Kidney stones or gout.

What is a potential side effect of iron overload?

Increased risk of liver disease and diabetes.

Why is calcium important for nerve function?

Calcium stabilizes the resting membrane potential of nerve cells.

How does phosphorus assist in maintaining pH balance in the body?

Phosphorus acts as a buffer in the blood.

What is the effect of vitamin D on calcium levels?

Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of calcium.

What does the mnemonic SALT LOSS stand for in relation to hyponatremia?

Signs include Stupor, Anorexia, Lethargy, Tendon reflexes, Limp muscles, Orthostatic hypotension, Seizures.